Chemistry, The Central Science, 10th edition Theodore L. Brown; H. Eugene LeMay, Jr.; and Bruce E.

Bursten

Chapter 10 Acids and Bases

John D. Bookstaver St. Charles Community College St. Peters, MO 2006, Prentice Hall, Inc.

Some Definitions

Arrhenius
Acid: Substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydrogen ions. Base: Substance that, when dissolved in water, increases the concentration of hydroxide ions.

Polyprotic Acids

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

In 1884, Svante Arrhenius proposed these definitions

acid: a substance that produces H3O+ ions aqueous solution base: a substance that produces OH- ions in aqueous solution this definition of an acid is a slight modification of the original Arrhenius definition, which was that an acid produces H+ in aqueous solution today we know that H+ reacts immediately with a water molecule to give a hydronium ion H+( aq) + H2 O( l) H3 O+( aq) Hydroniu m ion

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

H2 O(l) + HCl(aq) H3 O (aq) + Cl- (aq)
+

when HCl, for example, dissolves in water, its reacts with water to give hydronium ion and chloride ion

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

With bases, the situation is slightly different
many bases are metal hydroxides such as KOH, NaOH, Mg(OH)2, and Ca(OH)2 these compounds are ionic solids and when they dissolve in water, their ions merely separate

NaOH(s)

H2 O Na+ (aq) + OH (aq)

other bases are not hydroxides; these bases produce OH- by reacting with water molecules

NH3 ( aq) + H2 O(l)

NH4 ( aq) + OH- (aq)

Acid and Base Strength

Strong acid: one that reacts completely or almost completely with water to form H3O+ ions Strong base: one that reacts completely or almost completely with water to form OH- ions here are the six most common strong acids and the four most common strong bases
Formula HCl HBr HI HNO3 H2 SO4 HClO4 N ame Hydrochloric acid Hydrob romic acid Hydroiodic acid N itric acid Su lfu ric acid Perch loric acid Formula LiOH NaOH KOH Ba( OH) 2 N ame Lith iu m h yd roxide Sodiu m hydroxide Potass iu m h yd roxide Barium hydroxide

Arrhenius Acids and Bases

Acids produce H+ in aqueous solutions water
HCl H+(aq) + Cl- (aq)

Bases produce OH- in aqueous solutions

water

NaOH

Na+(aq) + OH- (aq)

Acids
Produce H+ (as H3O+) ions in water Produce a negative ion (-) too Taste sour

Corrode metals
React with bases to form salts and water

Bases
Produce OH- ions in water
Taste bitter, chalky Are electrolytes

Feel soapy, slippery

React with acids to form salts and water

Learning Check AB1

Describe the solution in each of the following as: 1) acid 2) base or 3)neutral. A. ___soda B. ___soap C. ___coffee D. ___ wine E. ___ water F. ___ grapefruit

Solution AB1
Describe each solution as: 1) acid 2) base or 3) neutral. A. _1_ soda B. _2_ soap C. _1_ coffee D. _1_ wine E. _3_ water F. _1_ grapefruit

Learning Check AB2

Identify each as characteristic of an A) acid or B) base ____ 1. Sour taste ____ 2. Produces OH- in aqueous solutions ____ 3. Chalky taste ____ 4. Is an electrolyte ____ 5. Produces H+ in aqueous solutions

Solution AB2
Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base _A_ 1. Sour taste _B_ 2. Produces OH- in aqueous solutions _B_ 3. Chalky taste

A, B 4. Is an electrolyte
_A_ 5. Produces H+ in aqueous solutions

Acid and Base Strength

Strong acids are completely dissociated in water. Weak acids only dissociate partially in water.

Acid and Base Strength

Substances with negligible acidity do not dissociate in water.

Acid and Base Strength

Weak acid: a substance that dissociates only partially in water to produce H3O+ ions
acetic acid, for example, is a weak acid; in water, only 4 out every 1000 molecules are converted to acetate ions

CH3 COOH(aq) + H2 O( l) Acetic acid

Weak base: a substance that dissociates only partially in water to produce OH- ions
ammonia, for example, is a weak base
NH3 (aq) + H2 O( l) NH4 + (aq) + OH-( aq)

CH3 COO-( aq) + H3 O+ ( aq) Acetate ion

Some Definitions

BrnstedLowry
Acid: Base: Proton donor Proton acceptor

Strong Acids

You will recall that the seven strong acids are HCl, HBr, HI, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO3, and HClO4. These are, by definition, strong electrolytes and exist totally as ions in aqueous solution. For the monoprotic strong acids, [H3O+] = [acid].

Strong Bases

Strong bases are the soluble hydroxides, which are the alkali metal and heavier alkaline earth metal hydroxides (Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+). Again, these substances dissociate completely in aqueous solution.

Strengths of Acids and Bases

Strong acids completely ionize (100%) in aqueous solutions

HCl + H2O

H3O+ + Cl- (100 % ions)

Strong bases completely (100%) dissociate into ions in aqueous solutions. NaOH Na+ (aq) + OH-(aq) (100 % ions)

Strong and Weak Acids and Bases

Strong acids HCl, HNO3 , H2SO4 Most other acids are weak. Strong bases NaOH, KOH, and Ca(OH)2 Most other bases are weak.

What Happens When an Acid Dissolves in Water?

Water acts as a Brnsted Lowry base and abstracts a proton (H+) from the acid. As a result, the conjugate base of the acid and a hydronium ion are formed.

Conjugate Acids and Bases:

From the Latin word conjugare, meaning to join together. Reactions between acids and bases always yield their conjugate bases and acids.

NH3, A Bronsted-Lowry Base

When NH3 reacts with water, most of the reactants remain dissolved as molecules, but a few NH3 reacts with water to form NH4+ and hydroxide ion. NH3 + H2O NH4+(aq) + OH- (aq)

acceptor

donor

Bronsted-Lowry Acids
Acids are hydrogen ion (H+) donors Bases are hydrogen ion (H+) acceptors HCl
donor

H2O
acceptor

H3O+

Cl-

Brnsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

Acid: a proton donor Base: a proton acceptor Acid-base reaction: a proton transfer reaction Conjugate acid-base pair: any pair of molecules or ions that can be interconverted by transfer of a proton
conju gate acid -base p air conju gate acid -base p air HCl(aq) Hyd rogen chloride (acid) + H 2 O(l) Water (bas e) Cl (aq) + Ch loride ion (conju gate b ase of HCl)
-

H 3 O+ ( aq) Hyd ronium ion (con jugate acid of water)

Brnsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

Brnsted-Lowry definitions do not require water as a reactant

con jugate acid-bas e pair con jugate acid-bas e pair CH3 COOH Acetic acid (acid) + NH3 Ammonia (base) CH3 COO + NH4 Acetate Ammonium ion ion (con jugate base (conjugate acid acetic acid) of ammonia)
+

Brnsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

Note the following about the conjugate acid-base pairs in the table 1. an acid can be positively charged, neutral, or negatively charged; examples of each type are H3O+, H2CO3, and H2PO42. a base can be negatively charged or neutral; examples are OH-, Cl-, and NH3 3. acids are classified a monoprotic, diprotic, or triprotic depending on the number of protons each may give up; examples are HCl, H2CO3, and H3PO4

Brnsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

carbonic acid, for example can give up one proton to become bicarbonate ion, and then the second proton to become carbonate ion +

H2 CO3 + H2 O Carbonic acid

HCO3 + H3 O Bicarbon ate ion

HCO3 - + H2 O Bicarbonate ion

CO3 2 - + H3 O+ Carbonate ion

4. several molecules and ions appear in both the acid and conjugate base columns; that is, each can function as either an acid or a base

If it can be either

...it is amphiprotic. HCO3 HSO4

H2O

pH

pH is defined as the negative base-10 logarithm of the hydronium ion concentration. pH = log [H3O+]

pH

Therefore, in pure water, pH = log (1.0 107) = 7.00 An acid has a higher [H3O+] than pure water, so its pH is <7 A base has a lower [H3O+] than pure water, so its pH is >7.

pH Range
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

Acidic
Neutral

Basic

[H+]>[OH-]

[H+] = [OH-]

[OH-]>[H+]

Other p Scales

The p in pH tells us to take the negative log of the quantity (in this case, hydrogen ions). Some similar examples are
pOH log [OH] pKw log Kw

pH of Some Common Acids

gastric juice
lemon juice vinegar

1.0
2.3 2.8

orange juice
coffee milk

3.5
5.0 6.6

pH of Some Common Bases

blood
tears seawater milk of magnesia household ammonia

7.4
7.4 8.4 10.6 11.0

pH

These are the pH values for several common substances.

How Do We Measure pH?

For less accurate measurements, one can use

Litmus paper

Red paper turns blue above ~pH = 8 Blue paper turns red below ~pH = 5
An indicator

How Do We Measure pH?

For more accurate measurements, one uses a pH meter, which measures the voltage in the solution.

Learning Check SW1

Identify each of the following as a 1) strong acid or base 2) weak acid 3) weak base A. ___ HCl (aq)
B. ___ NH3(aq) C. ___ NaOH (aq) D. ___ H2CO3 (aq)

Brnsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

the HCO3- ion, for example, can give up a proton to become CO32, or it can accept a proton to become H2CO3 a substance that can act as either an acid or a base is said to be amphiprotic the most important amphiprotic substance in Table 8.2 is H2O; it can accept a proton to become H3O+, or lose a proton to become OH-

5. a substance cannot be a Brnsted-Lowry acid unless it contains a hydrogen atom, but not all hydrogen atoms in most compounds can be given up
acetic acid, for example, gives up only one proton

Brnsted-Lowry Acids & Bases

6. there is an inverse relationship between the strength of an acid and the strength of its conjugate base
the stronger the acid, the weaker its conjugate base HI, for example, is the strongest acid in Table 8.2, and its conjugate base, I-, is the weakest base in the table CH3COOH (acetic acid) is a stronger acid that H2CO3 (carbonic acid); conversely, CH3COO- (acetate ion) is a weaker base that HCO3- (bicarbonate ion)

Properties of Acids & Bases

Neutralization
acids and bases react with each other in a process called neutralization; these reactions are discussed in Section 8.10

Reaction with metals

strong acids react with certain metals (called active metals) to produce a salt and hydrogen gas, H2 + Mg(s) 2HCl(aq) MgCl2 (aq) + H2 (g) Magnesium Hydrochloric Magnesium Hydrogen acid chloride reaction of a strong acid with a metal is a redox reaction; the metal is oxidized to a metal ion and H+ is reduced to H2

Properties of Acids & Bases

Reaction with metal hydroxides
reaction of an acid with a metal hydroxide gives a salt plus water

the reaction is more accurately written as

HCl(aq) + KOH( aq) Hydrochloric Potassiu m acid h yd roxide

KCl(aq) + H2 O Potass ium Water chloride

H3 O+ + Cl- + K+ + OH2H2 O + Cl- + K+ omitting spectator ions gives this net ionic equation

H3 O+ + OH-

2H2 O

Properties of Acids & Bases

2H3 O+ (aq) + CaO( s) Calcium oxide 3H2 O(l) + Ca ( aq)
2+

Reaction with metal oxides

strong acids react with metal oxides to give water plus a salt

Properties of Acids & Bases

Reaction with carbonates and bicarbonates
strong acids react with carbonates to give carbonic acid, which rapidly decomposes to CO2 and H2O
2 H3 O+ (aq) + CO3 2 - (aq) H2 CO3 (aq) 2 H3 O+ (aq) + CO3 2 -(aq) H2 CO3 (aq) + 2 H2 O(l) CO2 (g) + H2 O( l) CO2 (g) + 3 H2 O(l)

strong acids react similarly with bicarbonates

H3 O+ ( aq) + HCO3 -( aq) H2 CO3 (aq)
+ H3 O ( aq) + HCO3 ( aq)

H2 CO3 (aq) + H2 O( l) CO2 (g) + H2 O( l) CO2 (g) + 2 H2 O(l)

Neutralization Reactions
When acid and bases with equal amounts of hydrogen ion H+ and hydroxide ions OH- are mixed, the resulting solution is neutral.
NaOH (aq) + HCl(aq) base acid NaCl + H2O salt water

Ca(OH)2 base

+ 2 HCl acid

CaCl2 + 2H2O salt water

Neutralization
H3O+ and OH- combine to produce water
H3O+ from acid + OHfrom base 2 H2O neutral

Net ionic equation: H+ + OH H2O

Acid-Base Titrations

Titration: an analytical procedure in which a solute in a solution of known concentration reacts with a known stoichiometry with a substance whose concentration is to be determined
in this chapter, we are concerned with titrations in which we use an acid (or base) of known concentration to determine the concentration of a base (or acid) in another solution

Titration
A known concentration of base (or acid) is slowly added to a solution of acid (or base).

Titration
A pH meter or indicators are used to determine when the solution has reached the equivalence point, at which the stoichiometric amount of acid equals that of base.

Acid-Base Titrations
As an example, let us use 0.108 M H2SO4 to determine the concentration of a NaOH solution
requirement 1: we know the balanced equation

H2 SO4 (aq) + 2NaOH(aq) (concentration (concentration known) not known)

Na2 SO4 (aq) + 2H2 O( l)

requirement 2: the reaction between H3O+ and OH- is rapid and complete requirement 3: we can use either an acid-base indicator or a pH meter to observe the sudden change in pH that occurs at the end point of the titration requirement 4: we use volumetric glassware

Acid-Base Titrations
V olu me of 0.108 M H 2 SO 4 Trial I Trial II Trial III 25.0 mL 25.0 mL 25.0 mL Volume of N aOH 33.48 mL 33.46 mL 33.50 mL average = 33.48 mL

experimental measurements
2 mol NaOH mol NaOH 0 .1 0 8 mol H2 SO4 0 .0 2 5 0 L H2 SO4 = x x L N aOH 1 L H2 SO4 0 .0 3 3 4 8 L NaOH 1 mol H2 SO4 = 0 .1 6 1 mol NaOH = 0 .1 6 1 M L NaOH

doing the calculations

Buffers:
Solutions of a weak conjugate acid-base pair. They are particularly resistant to pH changes, even when strong acid or base is added.

Blood Buffers

The average pH of human blood is 7.4

any change larger than 0.10 pH unit in either direction can cause illness

To maintain this pH, the body uses three buffer systems

carbonate buffer: H2CO3 and its conjugate base, HCO3 phosphate buffer: H2PO4- and its conjugate base, HPO42 proteins: discussed in Chapter 21