Positive displacement pumps

PUMPS DISPLACMENT DYNAMIC

RECIPROCATING
DIAPGRAGM

ROTARY
GEAR SCREW VANE STEAM-DOUBLE ACTING LIQUID RING ECCENTRIC POWER LOBE CIRCUMFERENTIAL PERISTALTIC

PISTON, PLUNGER

Characteristics
pulse

with each stroke self-priming pressure increases internal leakage

Positive displacement versus centrifugal pumps

Pressure dependence

Viscosity effect

Efficiency

Rotary pumps

1.

2.

3.

A Rotary pump is a positive displacement pump consisting of a chamber containing gears, cams, screws, vanes, plungers or similar elements actuated by relative rotation of the drive shaft & casing Characteristics: time continuous liquid seal is maintained between the inlet & the outlet ports amount of liquid displaced by each revolution is independent of speed smooth and uniform Flow

Pumping action of rotary pumps:

Closed-to-outlet-open-to-inlet

Closed-to-outlet-closed-to-inlet

Open-to-outlet-Closed-to-inlet

For a good pumping action:

The open to inlet (OTI) volume should grow smoothly & continuously with pump rotation. The closed to inlet & outlet (CTIO) volume should remain constant with pump rotation. The open to outlet (OTO) volume should shrink smoothly & continuously with pump rotation.

ECCENTRIC PUMPS

How the pump works

Benefits Operates with dry suction. Simple to install. High suction lift. Constant capacity at varying heads. Single cover access. Simple to operate. Remove the last drop from containers.

Applications Bilge pumps Sludge pumps Fuel oil pumps Ballast pumps Pressure systems Purification pumps Low magnetic pumps (mine sweeper) Black water pumps

Vane Pumps

Internal vane pumps

Flexible vane pump

Vane pump Advantages

Medium capacity Medium speed Thin liquids Sometimes preferred for solvents, LPG Can run dry for short periods Develops good vacuum

Vane pump Disadvantages

Can have two stuffing boxes Complex housing Not suitable for high pressures Not suitable for high viscosity

Vane pump Applications

Auto

Industry - Fuels, Lubes, Refrigeration Coolants Barge Unloading Bulk Transfer of LPG and NH3 Chemical Process Industry Ethanol/Alcohol Refining Fertilizer Production - CO Transfer Lubrication Blending - Solvents, Oils Power Generation - Fuels, Lubrication

Materials of Construction
Externals

(head, casing, bracket) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel, and stainless steel. Vane, Pushrods - Viton, Ryton, PPS, carbon, Teflon, and peek.

Liquid Ring Pump

components

How the pump works

Benefits Simplified Construction All components are designed for 24 hour per day continuous service under the most demanding industrial conditions. Environmentally Clean No oil used for lubrication or sealing. No oil vapor discharged to the atmosphere. High Vacuum Characteristics Exclusive axial flow design permits efficient operation in the full vacuum range from 0 to 29 inches of mercury (760-25 Torr). Advanced Design Employs mechanical seal and O-ring gaskets for zero leakage. Vibrationless Operation No special foundations required. Constant Power Power requirements are constant over the full vacuum range. Non-overloading. Low Maintenance No metal-to-metal contact between rotating and stationary elements.

Advantages: Tolerate entrained liquids and solids Isothermal compression (for monomer recovery, explosive gases) Oilfree Very safe for explosive gases Simple design for corrosion resistant materials Disadvantages: High power absorbed Process fluid and auxiliary fluid are mixedup / contaminated

Peristaltic pump

How the pump work

Peristaltic pump advantages:

Hydraulically operated speed variations to meet all job demands. Enables pumping of heavy, fibered, thick, and abrasive materials at high volumes. The pump's mechanical maintenance is limited to hose wear. Pumped material does not come in contact with any moving parts. Dry running can occur without causing damage to the pump. Replacement of hose is quick and easy. Pumping is cleanliness Peristaltic pumps are used mostly in chemical laboratories, but they can be used for injection of chemicals into small irrigation systems. Peristaltic pumps have a variety of medical applications. They can be used to add nutrients to blood, to force blood through filters to clean it, or to move blood through the body and lungs during open heart surgery

Applications

Gear Pump

transfer liquids both of high and low viscosity are used in the lubrication circulation systems of various shipboard installations uniform delivery, simple manufacture, comparatively high capacity for their small overall size convenient installation in comparison with other types of pumps

 consist of a driver and a driven gear enclosed in a casing and in mesh with each other
The

gears may be of either the spur, helical or spiral type

Gear pump can be classified into two types:

(1) Internal Gear Pump (2) External Gear Pump

(1) Internal Gear Pump 1. Overview

well-suited for a wide range of viscosity applications because of their relatively low speeds
superior high-viscosity handling capabilities

smooth, nonpulsating flow self-priming and can run dry only two moving parts

2. How it works

3. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages

Disadvantages

Only two moving parts nonpulsating discharge Ideal for high-viscosity liquids Constant and even discharge

requires moderate speeds Medium pressure limitations One bearing runs in the product pumped Overhung load on shaft bearing

Reversible pump Low NPSH required Easy to maintain Flexible design offers application customization

4. Materials of Construction

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel, stainless steel, Alloy 20, and higher alloys. Internals (rotor, idler) - Cast iron, ductile iron, steel, stainless steel, Alloy 20, and higher alloys. Bushing - Carbon graphite, bronze, silicon carbide, tungsten carbide, ceramic, colomony, and other specials materials as needed.

Shaft Seal - Lip seals, component mechanical seals, industry-standard cartridge mechanical seals, gas barrier seals, magnetically-driven pumps. Packing - Impregnated packing, if seal not required.

5. Applications

Barge, tanker, and terminal loading and unloading. Circulating. Transferring. Lubricating. Booster.

General industrial. Marine applications. Petrochemical.

(2) External Gear Pump 1. Overview

found in lubrication pumps in machine tools External gear pumps handle viscous liquids Reduced speeds with high-viscosity liquids results in greater efficiency popular for precise transfer applications

2. How it works

3. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages

Disadvantages

High speed. Medium pressure. No overhung bearing loads. Relatively quiet operation. Design accommodates wide variety of materials.

Four bushings in liquid area. No solids allowed. Fixed End Clearances.

4. Materials of Construction

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Iron, ductile iron, steel, stainless steel. Internals (rotor, idler) - Steel, stainless steel. Bushing - Carbon, bronze, silicon carbide. Shaft Seal - Packing, lip seal, component mechanical seal, and magnetically-driven pump.

5. Applications

Industrial and mobile applications Fuel and lubrication Metering Hydraulic applications Precise metering applications Low-volume transfers Light or medium duty

Lobe Pump
1. Overview

are used in a variety of industries high efficiency , reliability, corrosion resistance, and good clean-in-place and service-in-place can handle solids (e.g., cherries and olives), and a variety of liquids output is constant and continuous require very little maintenance

2. How it works

3. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages

Disadvantages

Pass medium solids. nonpulsating discharge very little maintenance

Requires timing gears. Requires two seals.

4. Materials of Construction

Externals (head, casing, bracket) - Cast iron gearbox and bracket, stainless steel gearbox, 316 stainless steel head and casing. Internals (rotor, idler) - 316 stainless steel lobes and shaft. Shaft Seal - Lipseals, component mechanical seal, double mechanical seal.

5. Applications

Food processing. Dairy Produce. Pharmaceutical. Biotechnology. Chemical. Industrial.

Circumferential pump

External Circumferential pump

How the pump works

Internal Circumferential pump

Screw Pump
1. Overview Screw pumps are a unique type of rotary positive displacement pump the flow through the pumping elements is truly axial has an axial flow pattern and low internal velocities are classified as two different types: the single rotor and the multiple rotor

Screw pump can be classified into two types:

(1) Single Screw Pump (2) Multiple Screw Pump , and Multiple Screw Pump may be Twin Screw Pump, or Three Screw Pump.

(1) Single Screw Pump Feature

Applicable for all types of liquid High reliability Reversible self-priming Simple and compact structure,easy maintenance

Structure

One rotor inside stator Small number of parts Material selection to meet various liquid

(2) Multiple Screw Pump

(2.1) Twin Screw Pump Feature

Applicable for all types of liquid High reliability self-priming

Structure

No contact between two screws Optimal selection of material to meet various liquid

(2.2) Three Screw Pump Feature

High reliability Quiet operation Small starting torque Compact and large capacity

Structure

Rotating elements consist of one power rotor and two idler rotors There is no directcontact transmission of power between rotors

2. How it works

3. Advantages & Disadvantages Advantages

Wide range of liquids and viscosities Low internal velocities Low mechanical vibration

Disadvantages

Relatively high cost Performance characteristics sensitive to viscosity change

 Self-priming with good suction characteristics quiet operation

High pressure capability requires long pumping elements

4. Materials of Construction

Rotating parts: Tool Steel, Carbon Steel, Monel, etc. Casing: Cast Iron, Ductile Iron, Bronze, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel, Alloy Steel.

5. Applications

Raw sewage lift stations Sewage plant lift stations Stormwater pumping Land Drainage

Reciprocating Pumps
INTRODUCTION
A type of positive displacement pumps which discharge a definite quantity of liquid during piston or plunger movement through the stroke distance

Basic Theory
The

basic principal of a reciprocating pump is that a solid will displace an equal volume of fluid This Solid may be piston or plunger The volume of the displaced fluid is equal to the product of the cross sectional area of the plunger or piston and the height of the stroke

Reciprocating Pumps

Power Pumps

Direct Acting Steam Pumps

Diaphragm Pumps

Fixed Stroke

Variable Stroke

Simplex

Duplex

Vertical

Fixed Cylinder Type

Horizontal

Rotary Plunger Type

Power Pumps
Fixed stroke power pumps Horizontal Vertical Vertical pumps are preferred when higher capacity is required and small area is presented
1)

Horizontal

Vertical

2) Variable Stroke Fixed Cylinder Rotary Plunger

Fixed Cylinder

Rotating plunger

Wooble plate

Swash Plate

Radial piston

Direct acting steam pump

Simplex

Duplex

Valves Types
The valve type is determined according to the pump type (Simplex or Duplex) Duplex valve construction is simpler than simplex valve In duplex pump the valve of one cylinder takes its motion from the other cylinder

Duplex valve

Simplex Valve

Diaphragm Pump

Single acting

Double acting

Pump Maintenance. &

Troubleshooting

Troubleshooting
General
Pump Problems can be either caused by: 1. Mechanical Problem with the Pump or 2. Pump System Problem

Before Details

The Great Majority of Pump Problems are with the Pump System The Majority of Pump System Problems are on the Suction Side Pump Problems are usually associated with Noisy Operation

Problem
Drain it
Close both suction and discharge valves and run the pump briefly

Noise continues Mechanical problem

Noise goes away

System Problem

Mechanical problem System Problem

Debris in the Impeller

Impeller Rubbing Vortexing Impeller out of Balance

Cavitation

Bent or Twisted shaft

Bad bearings Coupling Misalignment Pipe Stress V-Belt sheave Misalignment

Before beginning the Troubleshooting process

Be sure pressure gages are available for a Be sure that the drivers are absolutely locked pump's inlet and discharge out before removing guards or conducting any system inspections Temperature gage at the pump inlet

There should befully some method of of verifying Be certain they are discharged pump speed through either a hand-held liquid before doing any system work tachometer or strobe tachometer

INFORMATION GATHERING
Was From the where system were undergoing replacement routine parts

obtained? maintenance?
Were any new or repaired components changed How long did the pump operate before the out? problem presented itself? When was the the appearance pump last serviced? Of what did What was and condition that service consist? of the pump's internal parts? What did that service consist? For one-time-through systems such as fuel oil burners, has the supplier of the fuel, fuel grade or For recirculating systems such as for fuel temperature changed? lubrication, was new or additional liquid added?

Positive Displacement Troubleshooting

Rotary

Reciprocating

Rotary
Rotary Troubleshooting

Selection

When do you need to perform maintenance on pumps?

This depends on the pump and the application. In general, diaphragms on metering pumps last about 6 to 12 months; gears on gear pumps last about 3 to 6 months; and motors usually last for years. DC motors require periodic brush replacement. It is important to monitor brush wear; normally brushes should be replaced every 6 months.

Rules
I.e. Bilge Pumps
BV

Rules, Part C, Chapter 1, Section 10, [6]

Bilge Pumps

Number and arrangement of pumps

Use of ejectors
Use of other pumps for bilge duties Capacity of the pumps Choice of the pumps Connection of power pump

Electrical supply of submersible pump motors .