ANSYS

By ANSYS INC

ABOUT ANSYS

Engineering simulation software founded by software engineer John Swanson. Developed a range of computer-aided engineering (CAE) Products, it is perhaps best known for its ANSYS mechanical and ANSYS multiphysics products. Ansys mechanical and ANSYS multiphysics software are non exportable analysis tools. These are general purpose finite element modeling packages for numerically solving mechanical problems, including static/dynamic structural analysis both linear/non linear), heat transfer and fluid problems
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About Analysis

Process of analyzing a structure to the externally applied loads( Pressure, Force, Temperature)

Basic Terminologies-Structural analysis

Stress Strain Poisson ratio Hook's law Young's modulus Bending moment Shear force Stress strain curve for various materials Linear Nonlinear Isotropic vs. anisotropic vs. orthotropic

Stress
When some external system of forces or loads act on a body, the internal forces (equal and opposite) are set up at various sections of the body, which resist the external forces. This internal force per unit area at any section of the body is known as unit stress or simply stress

Stress, = P/A

Strain
When a system of forces or loads act on a body, it undergoes some deformation. This deformation per unit length is known as unit strain or simply a strain. It is denoted by a Greek letter epsilon ().

Strain, = l / l

l = .l

Displacement
A change in the configuration of a continuum body results in a Displacement. The displacement of a body has two components: a rigid-body displacement and a deformation. A rigid-body displacement consists of a simultaneous translation and rotation of the body without changing its shape or size. Deformation implies the change in shape and/or size of the body from an initial or undeformed configuration to a current or deformed configuration

Shear Stress
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off the section, then the stress induced is called shear stress. Shear stress, =

Tangential force Resisting area

Shear Strain
When a body is subjected to two equal and opposite forces acting tangentially across the resisting section, as a result of which the body tends to shear off the section corresponding strain is known as shear strain.

Shear Force
In static equilibrium, the internal force has a magnitude equal to opposite in direction and parallel to the cross-section. is called the shear force.

F-Shear Force

BENDING MOMENT
The bending moment at the cross section of a beam may be defined as the algebric sum of the moment of the forces to the right or left of the section

DEGRESS OF FREEDOM
Minimum no of independent co ordinates required to determine completely the positions of all parts of a system at a given instant time

Youngs modulus And Poissons Ratio For Some Materials

Materials
Steel Cast Iron Wrought Iron Aluminium Aluminium Alloy Brass Bronze Copper Copper Alloy Magnesium Titanium

Youngs Modulus
2.1e5 1.20e5 1.90e5 0.70e5 0.75e5 1.10e5 1.20e5 1.20e5 1.25e5 0.45e5 1.10e5

Poissons Ratio
0.3 0.28 0.3 0.35 0.33 0.34 0.34 0.34 0.33 0.35 0.33

Glass Rubber
Concrete

0.60e5 50
0.25e5

0.22 0.49
0.15

Truss element
The truss elements are the part of a truss structure linked together by point joints, which transmit only axial force to the element

GLOBAL & LOCAL AXES

GLOBAL :

Global axes are defined for the entire system. They are same in direction for all the elements even though the elements are differently oriented LOCAL : Local axes are established in an element. Since it is the element level, they change with the change in orientation of the element. The direction differs from element to element

Need for Analysis To reduce product development cycle time

To reduce the cost of product Idle time reduction Better design and Alternate materials To reduce material wastage

Types of Methods
Mathematical approach Physical model Numerical method

Introduction to FEM & FEA

FEM-Finite element method FEA Finite element analysis

FEM
Finite element method of structural analysis was created by academic and industrial researches during 1959s and 1960s Theoretical approach. Examples Euler's rule, LaGrange method, Newton raphson method, Fourier series

Nature of FEM
Force method (Forces unknown)
Strain energy method Consistent deformation method Matrix flexibility method Clayperons theorem of 3 moments Displacement method (Displacements unknown) Kanis method Slope deflection method Matrix stiffness method Moment distribution method FEM

FEA
FEAsimulate loading conditions on design & determine design response to these conditions The design is modeled using discrete elements called elements The sum of response of all elements in the model gives the response of design

Problem types in FEA

Boundary value problem-static and steady state analysis Initial value problem-fluid flow Eigen value problem-Modal analysis, vibration and natural frequency Boundary initial value problem-forced vibration, transient and dynamic analysis

Linear vs. Non linear

What is linear analysis? What is non linear analysis? Types of non linearity When should we do a non linear analysis?

16.1.1 What is a Nonlinear Structure

Forces
Displacements

Forces Displacements
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16.1.2 Causes of Nonlinearities

Geometric Nonlinearity Material Nonlinearity Status Nonlinearity

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Geometric Nonlinearity
Displacement

Moment arm
Force

Forces Displacements
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Material Nonlinearity

Stress

Stress

Mild Steel

Rubber

Strain

Strain

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Status Nonlinearity
Force

The contact area depends on the applied force

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16.1.3 Consequences of Nonlinearities

Principle of superposition no longer applicable Solution may depend on loading history

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16.2.1 Equations for a Nonlinear Structure

KD D F

F(D)

K(D)

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16.2.2 Incremental Method

KD D F
Error F 2 Calculated Response 1 Actual Response D
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16.2.3 Newton-Raphson Method

Actual response F = F4 F3 F2 4

2
1

F1

D1

D2

D3

D = D4

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16.2.4 Convergence Criteria in ANSYS

Actual respons e 2 1 3

F = F4 F3 F2 F1

D 0.05 Dmax F 0.005 Fmax

D1

D2

D3 D = D4

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16.3.1 Radius of Convergence

Radius of convergence

F Actual response

Do

Do

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16.3.2 Consistent Stiffness Matrix

K Kinc Ku K Ka

Tangent stiffness Additional stiffness due to deformation (geometric change) Additional stiffness due to stress stiffening Additional stiffness due to change of loading direction.
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16.3.3 Load Steps, Substeps, and Equilibrium Iterations

Actual respons e 2

Load step 2 F = F4 F3 F2 F1

Load step 1

Load

Substeps

D1

D2

D3 D = D4

Time

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16.3.4 Concepts of Time

The ends of load steps or substeps can be identified by time. For dynamic problem, time is used as a real-world clock. For static problem, time is used as a counter.

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16.3.5 Automatic Time Stepping

For nonlinear problem, the user-input t is used as initial incremental time. ANSYS adjusts t automatically according to the convergence behavior of the solution.

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16.3.6 Text Output Information

1 2

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16.3.7 Graphical Output Information

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16.3.8 Automatic Nonlinear Solution Control

SOLCONTROL command can be used to activate automatic nonlinear solution control algorithm. The default is ON.

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Basic Solution Options

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 SOLCONTROL, Key ANTYPE, Antype NLGEOM, Key TIME, TIME NSUBST, NSBSTP, NSBMX, NSBMN, Carry DELTIM, DTIME, DTMIN, DTMAX, Carry AUTOTS, Key KBC, KEY OUTRES, Item, FREQ, Cname MONITOR, VAR, Node, Lab

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16.4.1 Analysis Type (ANTYPE)

For nonlinear analysis, only two analysis types applicable: STATIC and TRANS.

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16.4.2 Nonlinear Geometry (NLGEOM)

NLGEOM turns ON/OFF the effects of geometric nonlinearity.

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16.4.3 Load Step Time (TIME)

TIME specifies the time at the end of the following load step.

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16.4.4 Number of Substeps (NSUBST, DELTIM)

NSUBST, NSBSTP, NSBMX, NSBMN, Carry DELTIM, DTIME, DTMIN, DTMAX, Carry

NSUBST specifies number of substeps for the following load step. DELTIM specifies time for each substep for the following load step. The two commands are equivalent, i.e.,
TIME DELTIM NSUBST
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16.4.5 Automatic Time Stepping (AUTOTS)

AUTOTS turns ON/OFF the functions of auto time stepping.

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16.4.6 Ramped/Stepped Loading (KBC)

Load

Stepped load

Substeps Time 0

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16.4.7 Output Controls (OUTRES)

OUTRES, Item, FREQ, Cname

OUTRES controls the amount of data stored in Jobname.RST.

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16.4.8 Monitor File (MONTOR)

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Advanced Solution Options

01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 EQSLV, Lab, TOLER, MULT SOLCONTROL, Key1, Key2 NEQIT, NEQIT CNVTOL, Lab, VALUE, TOLER, NORM, MINREF NROPT, Option,, Adptky LNSRCH, Key PRED, Sskey, --, Lskey SSTIF, Key PSTRES, Key CUTCONTROL, Lab, VALUE, Option TIMINT, Key, Lab TINTP, GAMMA, ... NCNV, KSTOP, DLIM, ITLIM, ETLIM, CPLIM
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16.5.1 Equation Solver (EQSLV)

EQSLV lets you choose the algorithm solving the equations.

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16.5.2 Time Step Prediction Based on Contact Status (SOLCONTROL)

SOLCONTROL, Key1, Key2

The second key of SOLCONTROL command is to ask ANSYS to adjust time steps according to contact status.

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16.5.3 Number of Equilibrium Iterations (NEQIT)

NEQIT specifies the number of iterations beyond which ANSYS would start another attempt.

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16.5.4 Convergence Criteria (CNVTOL)

CNVTOL overrides the default convergence criteria.

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16.5.5 Newton-Raphson Option (NROPT)

NROPT, Option,, Adptky

(a) Full Method

(b) Modified Method

(c) Initial Method

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16.5.6 Line Search (LNSRCH)

LNSRCH turns ON/OFF the line search algorithm in ANSYS.

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16.5.7 Predictor (PRED)

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16.5.8 Adaptive Descent (NROPT)

NROPT, Option,, Adptky

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16.5.9 Stress Stiffening (SSTIF, PSTRES)

SSTIF/PSTRES turns ON/OFF the computation of stress stiffness (Ks) and storing on file.

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16.5.10 Cutback Control (CUTCONTROL)

CUTCONTROL specifies the conditions in which ANSYS would decrease time step during auto time stepping.

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16.5.11 Time Integration Effects (TIMINT, TINTP)

TIMINT, Key, Lab TINTP, GAMMA, ...

TIMINT turns ON/OFF transient effects. The parameter GAMMA of TINTP command can be used to introduce a numerical damping.
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16.5.12 Stop Control (NCNV)

NCNV, KSTOP, DLIM, ITLIM, ETLIM, CPLIM

NCNV specifies the stop (failure) conditions of the computation.

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16.5.13 Terminating an Analysis

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16.5.14 Restarting an Analysis

An analysis terminated normally can be restarted.

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16.6 Exercise: Hyperelastic Planar Seal

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ANSYS- TOPICS

Structural

Static Dynamic

Thermal

Steady state Transient state Laminar Turbulent

CFD

Static analysis
Analysis of a structure for various loads under static condition i.e. component under rest when loads are applied Examples Holding devices-Clamp or fixture analysis Types Linear analysis Non linear analysis

Dynamic analysis
Analysis of a structure for various loads under Dynamic condition i.e. component is in motion when loads are applied or time varying loads Examples Suspension systems of a vehicle Types Linear analysis Non linear analysis

Structural analysis-Design consideration

Change design Alternate material

Thermal analysis
To determine the temperature distribution occurring in the model Modes of heat transfer Conduction Convection Radiation

Basic terminologies-thermal analysis

Coeff of thermal expansion Heat transfer coefficient Thermal conductivity Heat generation (Q) Thermal flux

Structure Idealization
Process of discritization of a structure into element and nodes Infinite no of D.O.F to Finite D.O.F Types of discritization Natural Artificial

FEM
Nodes Elements Types of elements 1D-Line element(Min 2 nodes) 2D-Plane element (Area-Min 4 node) 3D-Solid element (Volume-min 8 nodes)

EXAMPLES FOR FINITE ELEMENT

ONE DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS : TRUSS ELEMENTS BAR, BEAM ELEMENTS TWO DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS : TRIANGULAR ELEMENTS RECTANGULAR ELEMENTS THREE DIMENSIONAL ELEMENTS TETRAHEDRAL ELEMENTS HEXAHEDRAL ELEMENTS

Stages
Preprocessing Solution Postprocessing

Meshing-Importance & drawbacks

Why should we mesh Element quality Problems associated with meshing

Basic terminologies meshing

Aspect ratio Skewing Warp age Types of refinement H refinement P refinement

H and P versions H and P improve the accuracy of the fem

In h versions the order of polynominal approximation for all elements kept constant and the no of elements increased.
In P version the no of elements are maintained constant and the order of polynominal approximation of element is increased

FEM/ANSYS
Section1: Structural By completing this section you will learn basic structural analysis using ANSYS.

Section 3: Fluid Mechanics By completing this section you will learn basic structural analysis using ANSYS.

Section 4: Vibration By completing this section you will learn basic vibration analysis using ANSYS.

List of other CAE softwares

Msc Nastran Patran Ls dyana Addams Comsol Fluent gambit Star CD Hyper form Pam crash Mat lab ANSA