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Chapter 4
Objectives: -To understand the structure and properties of the plasma membrane -To understand the features of the fluid mosaic model Outcome: Students are able to describe the fluid mosaic model of membrane and functions of the main components of cell membrane.
hydrophilic head
hydrophobic tail
The polar hydrophilic heads are water soluble and the hydrophobic heads are water insoluble
Hydrophobic (water-hating) tail air
aqueous solution
In 1925 Gorter and Grendel proposed that the unit membrane is formed from a phospholipid bilayer
Phosphate heads face aqueous solution phospholipid bilayer
Cytosoplasm (aqueous)
Scientists also found that protein were present in membranes so Davson-Danielli proposed in 1935 the following model for membrane structure:
Protein
Phospholipid bilayer
Fat-soluble organic molecules can diffuse through the bilayer but polar molecules require proteins
Fat-soluble molecules Polar molecules
Extracellular space
Cytosoplasm (aqueous)
hydrophilic pore
Objectives of unit:
Understand the structure and properties of the plasma membrane Investigate the properties of plasma membranes practically Explain passive transport mechanisms of diffusion and facilitative diffusion, including the role of transporter and carrier proteins Define the process of osmosis Explain the process of active transport and the role of proteins and ATP Explain the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis Describe the properties of gas exchange surfaces in living organisms Explain how the structure of the mammalian lung is adapted for rapid gaseous exchange
Cover credit: Micrograph by Volker Brinkmann, PLoS Pathogens Vol. 1(3) Nov. 2005.
5 m
pH 7.2 cytosol
The development and use of electron microscopes showed that the Davson-Danielli model was incorrect
In the early 1970s Singer and Nicholson used techniques such as freeze-etching to confirm the lipid bilayer. They also showed that the proteins were distributed throughout the protein in a mosaic pattern. In addition they found that the membrane was fluid and had considerable sideways movement of molecules within it. Hence they proposed the Fluid-Mosaic Model for Plasma Membrane Structure.
Activity:
Read pages 100 103 of your textbook Answer questions 1 3 on page 103
Question 4: How can polar and non-polar molecules pass through the membrane (2).
Polar molecules require proteins to enable them to pass through the membrane Non-polar molecules can diffuse directly through the Click to reveal answer phospholipid bilayer Click here to hide answers
glycoprotein
peripheral protein
integral protein
carrier protein
hydrophilic channel
9 11
1) carbohydrate; 2) glycoprotein; 3)integral protein; 4) peripheral protein; 5) carrier protein 6) hydrophilic channel; 7)Click phosphate group; 8) fatty acid; 9) phospholipid; to reveal answers 10) glycocalyx; 11) phospholipid bilayer click to cover answers
Question: Explain why the model for membrane structure is known as the fluid mosaic model (3).
The phospholipid molecules can move freely laterally and makes the membrane fluid. The proteins are distributed throughout the membrane un evenly and in a mosaic pattern. Click to reveal upon the answers The agreed structure is based experimental and chemical evidence and so is classed as a model. Click here to hide answers
ATP
Gated-channel protein
Channel protein
Membrane bound proteins allow chemical processes to occur on membranes in a sequential manner:
membrane proteins
Cyt c
I
II
III
IV
Enzyme and transporter proteins involved in aerobic respiration in the inner mitochondrial membrane
ATP synthase
Question: Other than as carrier proteins state two functions of membrane bound proteins (2).
Receptors Enzymes Structural (attached to microtubules) Click to reveal answers Click here to hide answers
Question 3: Describe an experiment by which you could test to see whether alcohol concentration affected membrane permeability (5).
Same volume discs of beetroot Same volume of alcohol Same temperature Same time in alcohol Range of alcohol concentrations Click to reveal answers Use colourimeter to read amount of pigment in solution Graph of colour intensity (% absorbance etc.) over alcohol concentration
Summary
The unit membrane consists of a phospholipid bilayer Phospholipids consist of a polar, hydrophilic phosphate head and a non-polar, hydrophobic tail consisting of fatty acid chains. Proteins also occur in the membrane and float freely throughout it. The model for membrane structure is known as the fluid mosaic model. Peripheral proteins occur on the inner or outer face of the membrane and integral proteins extend through both lipid layers. Membrane bound enzymes occur allowing structured metabolic pathways. Glycoproteins form the glycocalyx and allow cell to cell recognition. Receptor proteins can act as binding sites for hormones and other substances and can transmit the information to the interior of the cell. A variety of carrier proteins allow for the controlled movement of substance through the membrane using both passive diffusion or active transport. Non-polar, lipid soluble molecules diffuse through the phospholipid bilayer. Ionic, polar molecules require carrier proteins to enable them to pass through the membrane. Membrane structure loses integrity with high temperature or presence of organic solvents such as alcohol, thereby increasing permeability.