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Computer Networks are classified according to the distance between individual computers that are attached to the network.
The classification includes the following: 1. Local Area Network (LAN) 2. Wide Area Network (WAN) 3. Metropolitan Network (MAN)
Client/Server
Client -is the requesting computer machine
Client/Server
Client -requests services -rely on the server for resources such as files, processing power and storage Server -provides the services -controls access to the hardware and software on the network and provides a centralized storage area for data
-is a different kind of peerto-peer network exists on the Internet that allows users to share files on their hard disks, essentially creating global peer-topeer networks
-sharing of music, documents, books, software and video/movie files
Network Topologies
Network Topology is the configuration or physical arrangement of the devices or nodes. The layout of the computers and devices on a network. The 3 main topologies are:
1. Ring 2. Star 3. Bus
Bus network
is a network architecture in which there is a single central cable to which all devices are attached The central cable is called a bus The bus transmits data in both directions. Only one device can transmit at a time .It is easy to add/remove devices from a bus network. It is also an inexpensive topology Failure of one device does not affect another device. The network will fail if the bus (central cable) fails
Advantages of a Bus Topology include: 1. Easy to connect a computer or peripheral to a linear bus. 2. Typically the cheapest topology to implement 3. Failure of one station does not affect others Disadvantages of a Bus Topology include: 1. Entire network shuts down if there is a break in the main cable. 2. Terminators are required at both ends of the backbone cable. 3. Difficulty in identifying the problem if the entire network shuts down 4. Performance degrades as additional computers are added
Network Components
o are networking hardware are needed to perform data-processing and communications within the network. o These includes:
computers communication devices (modem, hub, switch) interface cards (LAN cards)
Modem
Short for modulator/demodulator Converts digital signal to analog and vice versa
converts digital signals to analog signals and vice versa. Computer information is stored digitally whereas information transmitted over telephone lines is transmitted in the form of analog waves
Modem
Characteristics/terms that involves MODEM
Bps (bits per second) how fast the device can transmit and receive data (baud rate). The fastest ones are about 57600bps. Voice/data many support a switch to change between voice and data modes. Auto-answer enables your computer to receive calls in your absence. Voice/data many support a switch to change between voice and data modes. Auto-answer enables your computer to receive calls in your absence.
Modem
Types of Modems
External modem separate from computer Internal modem inserted into computer
Standard on most computers today
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Federal Communications Commission (FCC) restrictions prohibit actual speeds faster than 53,000 bps Actual speed depends on line conditions and other variables
Copyright 2003 by Prentice Hall
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Half-duplex transmission sends data in both directions, but only one way at a time
Example: bank teller sends data about a deposit; after data received, a confirmation returns
Multiplexer
Combines data streams from slow-speed devices into single data stream Transmits over high-speed circuit (ex T1) Multiplexer on receiving end needed to restore to component data streams
NIC
Most modern computers have these devices built into the motherboard, but in some computers you have to add an extra expansion card (small circuit board)
Network Cable
Hub
Switch
Router
Proxy Server
Bridge
Client/Server Network
Server computer controls network
Often has several hard drives, fastest printer
Processing approaches
Client/server File server
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Firewall
Similarities
Controls/manages the computer hardware (e.g. memory) Provides a user interface Allows more than one program to run at the same time. Schedules jobs and configures devices Manages programs Provides file management and other utilities Starts the computer
Differences
A network operating system (NOS) is an operating system that organizes and coordinates how multiple users access and share resources on a network. A single user operating system allows only one user to run one or more programs at a time. An NOS has more security control features. It also controls a network, establish internet connection and allows more than one computers to talk to each other. An NOS allows for the management of files on other computers. NOS typically resides on a server.
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Wire Pairs
Physical characteristics
Requires two conductors Twisted around each other to reduce electrical interference Plastic sheath
Coaxial Cable
Higher bandwidth Less susceptible to noise Used in cable TV systems Physical characteristics
Center conductor wire Surrounded by a layer of insulation Surrounded by a braided outer conductor Encased in a protective sheath
Fiber Optics
Physical characterizes Glass or plastic fibers Very thin (thinner than human hair) Material is light
Microwave Transmission
Uses line-of-sight transmission of data signals
Sending microwave must see receiver
Satellite Transmission