Heat and Work

The forms of energy, which constitute the total energy of a system, can be contained or stored in a system, and thus can be viewed as the static forms of energy. The forms of energy not stored in a system can be viewed as the dynamic forms of energy or as energy interactions. The only two forms of energy interactions associated with a closed system are heat transfer and work.
Energy transfer across a system boundary due solely to the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings is called heat.

Energy transferred across a system boundary that can be thought of as the energy expended to lift a weight is called work. work is the energy transfer associated with a force acting through a distance. Or any energy interaction that is not due to temperature difference.
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Heat and Work

Heat and work are energy transport mechanisms between a system and its surroundings. The characteristic properties of heat and work are as follows: 1. Both are recognized at the boundaries of a system as they cross the boundaries. They are both boundary phenomena. 2. Systems possess energy, but not heat or work. 3. Both are associated with a process, not a state. Unlike properties, heat or work has no meaning at a state. 4. Both are path functions (i.e., their magnitudes depends on the path followed during a process as well as the end states.
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Heat and Work

Since heat and work are path dependent functions, they have inexact differentials designated by the symbol . The differentials of heat and work are expressed as Q and W. The integral of the differentials of heat and work over the process path gives the amount of heat or work transfer that occurred at the system boundary during a process.

1, along path 1, along path

Q Q12 W W12

(not Q) (not W )

Sign Convention
A sign convention is required for heat and work energy transfers, and the classical thermodynamic sign convention is used. According to the classical sign convention,
heat transfer to a system and work done by a system are positive; heat transfer from a system and work done on system are negative.

Energy Transfer by Heat

Energy transfer across a system boundary due solely to the temperature difference between a system and its surroundings is called heat. The net heat transferred to a system is defined as

Qnet Qin Qout

Heat is a boundary phenomena.

Thus in thermodynamics, the term heat simply means heat transfer.

Energy Transfer by Heat

Q q m

Energy Transfer by Heat

A process during which there is no heat transfer is called an adiabatic process.
The system is well insulated so that only a negligible amount of heat can pass through the boundary. Both the system and the surroundings are at the same temperature.

An adiabatic process should not be

confused with an isothermal process

Forms of Heat Transfer

Heat is transferred by three mechanisms
Conduction Convection

Radiation

Energy Transfer by Work

The energy crossing the boundary of a closed system other than heat, is work.

Work

Heat

Energy Transfer by Work

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Forms of Work
Mechanical work Electrical work
The rate of electrical work done by electrons crossing a system boundary is called electrical power and is given by the product of the voltage drop in volts and the current in amps.

We V I

(W)

The amount of electrical work done in a time period is found by integrating the rate of electrical work over the time period.

We V I dt
1

(kJ)
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Mechanical Forms of Work

Definition of work

There are several different ways of doing work, each in some way related to a force acting through a distance.
In elementary mechanics, the work done by a constant force F on a body displaced a distance s in the direction of the force is given by
For constant force

For variable force

W12 W Fds
1 1

In many thermodynamic problems, mechanical work is the only form of work involved. It is associated with the movement of the boundary of a system or with the movement of the entire system as a whole. 12

Mechanical Forms of Work

Some common forms of mechanical work are :
Shaft Work Spring Work Work done on Elastic Solid Bars

Work done to Raise a Body

Work done to Accelerate a Body Work Associated with the Stretching of a Liquid Film

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Shaft Work
Energy transmission with a rotating shaft is very common in engineering practice.

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Spring Work
Combination of springs are used in various common engineering machines.

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Work done on Elastic Solid Bar

Most solids, contract or elongate under the action of a force.

They can be modeled as linear springs

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Work Done to Raise or Accelerate a body

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