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Bhubaneswar
 What is a Computer ?
A Computer is an electronic device designed to perform
Arithmetic operations. It can also perform several non-
Arithmetic operations on the alphabetic or numeric data
used.
Computer is a term applied to a group of inter-related
electronic devices that automatically :-

Accept and store input data.

Process the inputted data and
Output the processed results in the form
of reports.
Introduction To Basic Computer Organization
The data and instructions
entered into the computer
system through input units
have to be stored inside the
computer before the actual
processing starts. Similarly,
the results produced after
processing must be stored to
be passed onto the output
unit. The Storage Unit is
designed to cater to these
needs. It provides space for
storing the data, instruc-
tions, intermediate and final
results.

The Central Processing Unit
The CPU provides the
fundamental command
and instruction
environment for the
computer. It contains
the processor,
registers, a control
unit, which controls
the execution of a
program, a clock, and
the arithmetic logic
unit, which performs
mathematical
operations and
comparisons. A CPU
that is contained on a
single chip is called a
MICROPROCESSOR.
 CONTROL UNIT

The Control Unit is able to maintain order and direct the

operation of the entire system by selecting, interpreting and
seeing to the execution of the program instructions.
Although it does not perform any actual processing on the
data, the Control Unit provides sequential control over the
execution of the program.
 ARITHMATIC LOGIC UNIT

The Arithmetic Storage Unit (ALU) of a computer is the place where the
actual execution of instructions takes place during the processing operation.
All cal-culations are performed and all comparisons are made in the ALU.
Date moves from primary storage to the ALU and back again to storage
several times before processing is over. All ALU’s are designed to perform
four basic arithmetic operations – addition, subtraction, division and
multiplication, and logical ope-rations such as less than equal to and greater
than.
Storage Unit (Main Memory)
The data and instructions
entered into the computer
system through input units
have to be stored inside the
computer before the actual
processing starts. Similarly,
the results produced after
processing must be stored to
be passed onto the output
unit. The Storage Unit is
designed to cater to these
needs. It provides space for
storing the data, instructions,
intermediate and final results.
 Memory Organization

Memory is a generic term used to

describe any data storage area of a
computer. A memory is made up of a
large number of cells with each cell
capable of storing one bit. Memory can be
broadly divided into two types –
Primary memory that in most cases
requires a power source to retain data;
and Secondary memory, which does not
require any power source once the write
operation, is complete.
 Storage Devices - Primary Storage
The word storage is descriptive of a device or a
medium that can accept data, hold it, and deliver it on
demand at a later time. Storage may be classified as –
Primary Memory and Secondary Memory

Primary Storage
It is a electronic memory, made up of
semiconductor chips. This stores:
• The instructions waiting to be obeyed
• The instructions currently being obeyed
• The data awaiting processing
• The data currently being processed
• The information awaiting output
 Primary Memory : ROM
Primary memory is classified as Random Access
Memory (RAM) and Read Only Memory (ROM) .
A ROM is a storage
memory inside the
computer that
cannot be amended
or erased by the
processor. ROM is
used to hold static
information
necessary for the
computer such as
the Basic
Input/Output
System (BIOS).
 Primary Memory : RAM
It is also called as – “the
Read-Write Memory”.
Random Access Memory
(RAM) is a memory into
which the user can enter
information and instruc-
tions (write) and from
which the user can call up
data (read).
The distinct feature of this
kind of memory is that it is
volatile; the contents of the
memory are lost when
power is switch off. It is
used only to ‘temporarily’
write or hold the data,
instructions or information.
 Storage Devices – Secondary Storage
The storage capacity of primary storage is not sufficient to
store large volume of data. As a result, additional memory
called the Auxiliary Memory or Secondary Storage is
used with most computer systems.

Secondary Storage is characterized by low cost per bit

stored, but it generally has an operating speed far slower
than that of primary storage.

Hard Disk
Floppy Disk

Compact Disc`
 Input Units
Data instructions must enter the computer system
before any computation can be performed on the
supplied data. The input unit that links the external
environment with the computer system performs this
task. All input devices must provide the computer with
data that are transformed into binary codes that the
primary memory of the computer is designed to accept.
Units called input interfaces accomplish this
transformation.
Basic input units are -
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanners
 Hard Disk (Input / Output Device)

It is the largest external memory of the computer

system. It is made from magnetic material, which stores
data as magnetic fields. Even when the power is off the
data in it remains intact. White the read or write
operation is going on, a red light on the container of the
Hard Disk light up, confirming that some operation is
being perform on the Hard Disk.
 Floppy Disk (Input / Output Device)

A Floppy Disk is a flexible plastic disk, coated with

magnetic material and enclosed within a plastic sleeve.
This is divided into concentric circles called tracks,
which are further subdivided into sectors. Data is
stored in a floppy disk by encoding bits of data along
the tracks of the diskette.
 CD/DVD ROM

CDROM stands for Compact Disk Read Only Memory. Infor-

mation on a CDROM is written by creating pits on the disk surface
by shining a laser beam. The CDROM with prerecorded
information is read by a CDROM reader, which uses a laser beam
for reading. As in a magnetic floppy disk, a CDROM disk is
inserted in a slot. A motor at a speed of 360 revolutions per minute
rotates it. A laser head moves in and out to the specified position.
As the disk rotates, the head senses information by the electronic
interface and sent the data to the computer.
 DVD ROM
Digital Versatile Disk (DVD) is the next generation of
Optical storage media. The CD-ROM had one
apparent disadvantage - Limited capacity of 650 MB.
The DVD packs from 4.7 GB to 17 GB of storage space
in the size of the compact disc, This is equal to the
storage capacity of 7 CD's!

Optical storage devices such as CD-R are suitable for

archiving data. Or when you need to distribute large
amount data in a Standard acceptable format.

The only impediment to widespread acceptance of this

new medium is fickle DVD standards, which have not
yet been set.
 KEYBOARD

The Keyboard is the most common and most versatile

of all input devices. The Keyboard is divided into three
parts, the Main Keyboard, Function Keys and Numeric
Keypad. The Function Keys perform special functions
such as loading programs and offering help. The
Numeric Keypad is used to enter numeric data or to
move the cursor. The NumLock key can be used to
switch from numeric data to the cursor.
 MOUSE
Mouse is used in
conjunction with the
Keyboard, which
use an Electro-
Mechanical device
as pointer to select
items from an on-
screen menu.

The movement of the mouse enables the user to:

• Point to icons
• Click at Icons to run programs
• Choose an item from a list
• Draw lines and picture on a screen
 Scanners

A Scanner converts a printed image in to digital

information suitable for input to a computer. A
scanner essentially uses the same technology as a fax
machine. It reads an image from paper and instead
of sending it down the telephone line, converts it to a
format that your system can understand. The
computer holds the image as a graphic file, which
you can print, amend or add to other documents.
 Visual Display Unit (Output Device)
The Visual Display Unit
(VDU) also called as
Monitors are standard
output devices. The
information appears on
the screen as and when it
is entered from any of the
input devices and after it
is processed.

The Cathode Ray Tube and the display adapter

determine features like the number of colors possible
and the graphic capabilities. A maximum of 24 to 25
rows and 80 columns per row of information can be
display in the Text mode. Apart from text, graphics
and pictures can be displayed.
 Output Units
The Output Unit supplies information and results of
computation to the outside world. As computers work
with binary codes, the results produced are also in the
binary form. Hence before supplying the results to the
outside world, it must be converted to human readable
form. The Output Units accomplish this task.

The basic Output Units are -

Printers

Visual Display Unit (already

discussed above).
 Printers

Printers are the primary output devices used to

prepare permanent documents (hard copy), in
human readable form. There are several
printers that are designed for different types of
applications.
Printers may be classified as –

Impact Printers

Non-Impact Printers
 Impact Printers
Impact Printers create characters by striking a
print page with a print hammer (print head).
These are further classified depending on the
method they adapt to print characters. Some of
them can print only one character at a time,
while others can assemble an entire output line a
time.

These can be classified as –

Dot Matrix Printer (DMP)

Line Printer
 Dot Matrix Printers

Dot Matrix Printers are the most commonly used

printers with microcomputers. The characters are
produced by a series of pins arranged vertically, which
strike an inked rib-bon against the paper. Each
character is produced within a pre-defined matrix of
dots. The speed may vary from 180 characters per
second to 380 characters per second. It can also print
pictures.
Line Printers
Line Printers
print complete
lines up to 160
characters in
width at speeds
ranging from
300 to 2000 lines
per minute.
There are three
kinds of Line
Printers: Chain,
Band and Drum
printers.
 Non-Impact Printers
Non-Impact Printers employ processes other
than hammers to form characters on a print
page. These are noiseless and more versatile and
offer better quality outputs. They cannot
produce multiple copies at the same time like
their impact counterparts.

These can be classified as –

Laser Printers

Ink Jet Printers

Laser Printers
Laser Printers use a
laser beam to write
characters on a
rotating drum that is
electro-statically
charged. The drum
generates a paper copy
in a manner similar to
a Xerox copier. The
speed varies from 6 to
120 pages per minute.
They can also print
graphics in different
colors.
 Ink Jet Printers

The print head of an Ink Jet Printer, form characters

by spraying a very fine jet of magnetically or elec-
trically charged ink through a nozzle and over hori-
zontal and vertical deflectors. The deflectors enable
the printer to vary the direction of the ink spray. The
work at speeds of 1-2 pages per minute.
 Introduction To Software

What is a Software?
Software is a program or a collection of programs
written to enable the computer to perform useful
tasks. A program is made up of special commands
and statements that are obeyed and executed by
the computer.
 Types of Software

Computer software may be classified into two

broad categories:

Application Software and

System Software
 Application Software

Application Software is a set of programs

necessary to carry out operations for a specified
application. For example, programs to solve a set
of equations, process an examination result,
would constitute application software.
 System Software

System Software is a general program written

for the system. They provide the environment to
facilitate the writing of application software.
Programming language translators are
examples of system software.
 Introduction to Operating System
An Operating System is an integrated set of
programs that is used to manage the various
resources and overall operations of a computer
system. It is designed to support the activities of a
computer installation. Its prime objective is to
improve the performance and efficiency of a
computer system and increase facility, the ease with
which the system can be used.
 Functions of Operating System
It provides the necessary instructions and data to
the CPU by loading them into the memory.

The Operating system is loaded into the memory

when the computer is switched on.

The CPU with the help of the Operating System,

which then processes data to get information,
reads these instructions.

The Operating System displays this information to

the user.
 Introduction to Windows
Research in windows was started in early 1980 at the
XEROX Corporation, US. Basic concept of today’s
windows systems was first introduced at XEROX
PARC. Next APPLE Computers adopted this
technology on its MACINTOSH computer models.
And then MICROSOFT.

At XEROX PARC the GUI (Graphic User Interface)

interface took shape and the mouse was born.
 What is Windows
Windows is a software system that offers a variety of
facilities to develop applications, manages computer
resources and eases to use the computer efficiently.

A window is a highly user to work with ‘picture’ or

view.

Windows owes its name to the fact that it runs and

exhibits each program in a separate window on the
screen. There may be several windows on the screen
at the same time, each belonging to a different
program.
 Introduction to Windows 98

Windows 98 includes tools that help your

computer run faster than Windows 95 without
adding new hardware. Windows 98 includes a
suite of programs designed to optimize your
computer’s efficiency, especially when used
together.p
 Introduction to Windows 98
Features of Windows 98
Windows 98 makes your computer easier to use, with
new and enhanced features.
True Web integration
- Improved Web features
- Internet Connection wizard
- Internet Connection Sharing
- Active Desktop
- E-mail
- NetMeeting
- FrontPage Express

Multiple display support

 Introduction to Windows 98
Features of Windows 98
Power management Maintenance wizard
Universal Serial Bus Drive Converter
Accessibility wizard Backup
Help Disk Defragmenter
Improved reliability More entertaining
Windows Update New hardware and graphics
System File Checker WebTV for Windows
ScanDisk DirectX
Registry Checker Desktop themes
Registry Checker
Backup
Introduction to Windows 98
The Windows 98 Desktop
 Introduction to Windows 98
The Start Button

The Start button provides a launch point for all

applications on the system.
 Introduction to Windows 98
The Taskbar

The Taskbar (normally positioned at the bottom of the screen)

provides a constant view of which applications are running on
the system and an easy way to switch between them. The
Taskbar also provides constant additional information such as
the system time, power consumption information on laptop
computers, and volume control if you have a sound card
fitted, all of which can be further tailored by the user.
 Introduction to Windows 98
The Recycle Bin
When files or
system icons are
e r- deleted they are
ov on
r e cati ot first moved to the
a li n Recycle Bin. As
t p l l
h a ap w i
t long as files are
s a n ame in.
e in the Recycle
Fil to filen le B Bin they can
! e t e yc
g
in du lica Rec easily be re-
n
ar en dup the covered if they
W itt a o
r
w in g t have been acci-
s v ed
u sa dentally deleted.
be
Windows 98 will preserve files until the system actually truly
runs out of free disk space. When this happens Windows 98
will purge the contents of the Recycle Bin.
 Introduction to Windows 98
The My Computer
All of the main
aspects concer-
ning configuration
and access to the
system’s local
resources, such as
the hard and
floppy disk drives,
are contained
within the My
Computer Desktop
group.

This allows the user to view local resources as objects. Double

clicking on any drive will expand an additional window
allowing the user to view the next level.
 Introduction to Windows 98
The Network Neighborhood

Network Neighborhood provides an easy mechanism for

browsing any network systems and resources that you
may be able to connect to. Windows 98 is capable of
displaying a common view of your entire network