Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design

LEED for New Construction

Andrew Zumwalt-Hathaway, Sustainable Design Consultant Davis Langdon
Jeff Rios, PE Davis Langdon October 26, 2006

City of New York Department of Citywide Administrative Services Citywide Training Center

SUSTAINABLE DESIGN TRAINING

LEED: Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

Created by the U.S. Green Building Council Voluntary System A compendium of green design elements A framework for integrated design Created for and based on the US market

Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

The Goal is Market Transformation

LEED
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

Contains

7 prerequisites 34 credits 69 possible points, including... 5 innovation and design points

LEED
Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design

Gives the following ratings:

Certified Silver Gold Platinum

26 Points 33 Points 39 Points 52 Points

6 LEED Categories
Indoor Environmental Quality 22% Innovation & Design Process 7% Sustainable Sites 20%

Materials & Resources 19% Energy & Atmosphere 25%

Water Efficiency 7%

Impacts on Design Team

Wide Range of Standards cited

New Materials and Systems

Tools and Calculations

Impacts on Design Team

Integration within Design Team Consideration of the Building Process LEEDTM Training and Accreditation

LEED Sustainable Sites

Prerequisite: Erosion and Sedimentation Control Credit 1: Site Selection Credit 2: Urban Redevelopment Credit 3: Brownfield Redevelopment Credit 4: Alternative Transportation

LEED Sustainable Sites

Credit 5: Reduced Site Disturbance Credit 6: Stormwater Management Credit 7: Heat Island Reduction Credit 8: Light Pollution Reduction

Queens Botanical Garden BKSK Architects

Green Roof = Heat Island Reduction & Stormwater Management Credits

Cleansing Biotope and Constructed Wetland = Stormwater Treatment & Stormwater Management Credits

DDC Example: Queens Botanical Garden

LEEDTM Water Efficiency

Credit 1: Water Efficient Landscaping

Credit 2: Innovative Wastewater Technologies

Credit 3: Water Use Reduction

DDC Examples: Water Efficiency Water Savings

Queens Botanical Garden 41% (includes bathroom fixtures only)

Brooklyn Childrens Museum 25%

Office of Emergency Management 33%
(Percentages based on LEED Prescribed Calculations)

LEEDTM Energy and Atmosphere

Prerequisite 1: Fundamental Building Systems Commissioning Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance Meet ASHRAE 90.1-2004 or Local Energy Code whichever is more stringent Prerequisite 3: CFC Reduction in HVAC&R Equipment

LEEDTM Energy and Atmosphere

NC 2.2 Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Three Compliance Options:
1. Whole Building Energy Simulation
ASHRAE 90.1-2004 Appendix G

1 - 10 pts

2.

Prescriptive Compliance Path

Advanced Energy Design Guide for Small Office Buildings (ASHRAE 2004)

4 pts

3.

Prescriptive Compliance Path

1 pts

Advanced Buildings BenchmarkTM (version 1.1)

LEEDTM Energy and Atmosphere

Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance

Credits Based on Performance above ASHRAE 90.1-2004
New Buildings 10.5% 14% 17.5% 21% 24.5% 28% 31.5% 35% 38.5% 42% Existing Buildings 3.5% 7% 10.5% 14% 17.5% 21% 24.5% 28% 31.5% 35% Points 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Energy Efficiency Why?

U.S. Buildings: 71% of U.S. electricity use 39% of U.S. energy use 30% of U.S. greenhouse gas emissions NYC Government Facilities: FY 1998 Energy Budget $455M FY 2005 Energy Budget $609M (34% Increase) 10% of NYC Electric Load * Excludes gasoline cost fueling the citys fleet vehicles.

Electric Cost versus Other Fuels

(March 2006 rates)

NYPA Electricity $0.11101/kWh ConEd Steam $27.90/1000 lbs ConEd Natural Gas $1.2724/therm 80% Efficiency Fuel Oil (#2) $1.825/gallon 80% Efficiency

= $32.53/mmBtu

= $27.90/mmBtu

= $15.91/mmBtu

= $16.52/mmBtu
mmBtu = 1 million Btu

Energy-Efficient Design

Site-sensitive massing Superior building shell Very good lighting Reasonable plug load assumptions Very good controls

Smaller MEP systems

Understanding the Cost of Oversizing

larger MER, bigger shafts larger ducts, pipes, fans, pumps higher maintenance costs (bigger equipment) higher energy costs sometimes lower comfort (cycling) built-in obsolescence (excess spare capacity)

Energy by End Use Typical Office

40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Energy Cost by End Use Heating Cooling Fans Pumps Lighting Equipment

Energy Modeling: Results only as good as inputs

Appropriate detail -100-300 thermal zones for large buildings Specific equipment information Part-load curves of chillers Realistic use values for energy use 1-2 w/ft2 in offices for typical plug load 2-3 w/ft2 for heavy use (ie. Health Care, Labs.) Environmental Inputs Weather data (Natl Weather Service) Detailed operating schedule

Value of Energy Modeling Tools

Calculate accurately, then apply safety factors Increases confidence in results reduces oversizing, reduces first cost

Only way to assess cost effectiveness of investments

Only way to examine whole-building interactions Allows post-occupancy tracking

LEED 2.2 EA Credit One Template

LEED 2.2 EA Credit One Input Detail

LEED EA 2.1 vs. 2.2

2.1

2.2

Old version of LEED (up till 10/2005) Comparison vs. ASHRAE 90.1-1999 Referred to by Local Law 86 (e.g. 20-30% better than 90.11999)

New version of LEED (as of October 2005) Comparison vs. ASHRAE 90.1-2004 (Appendix G) Required by LEED NC v 2.2 (for EA Prerequisite 2 and EA Credit 1)

LEED EA Credit 1 2.1 vs. 2.2 Point Thresholds

2.1 Savings 12.51% 17.51% 22.51% 27.51% 32.51% 37.51% 2.2 Savings 10.5% 14% 17.5% 21% 24.5% 28% 1 2 3 4 5 6 Points

42.51%
47.51% 52.51% 57.51%

31.5%
35% 38.5% 42%

7
8 9 10

LEED 2.1 compares the buildings regulated energy use (does not include plug and process loads) LEED 2.2 compares the buildings total energy use (including plug and process loads)

ASHRAE 90.1 1999 vs. 2004 (Appendix G)

1999

2004 (Appendix G)

Baseline Building orientation and fenestration locations same as design Baseline Envelope meets code requirements for design construction type Lighting (1999 requirements) Baseline HVAC system type based on design system type Compares only regulated load (no plug or process loads, etc.)

Baseline Building orientation and fenestration locations normalized in model Baseline Envelope meets code requirements for common construction type Lighting (2004 requirements) Baseline HVAC system type based on building type Compares total energy use (plug and process loads are included)

Fenestration Layout
1999

2004 (Appendix G)

Glazing is equal to design or 40% of gross above grade wall area (whichever is smaller) Glazing locations are equal to design

Glazing is equal to design or 40% of gross above grade wall area (whichever is smaller) Glazing distributed uniformly in horizontal bands across all four orientations

Building Orientation
1999

2004 (Appendix G)

Actual Building Orientation

Average of 4 Building Rotations 0

90 0 180

270

Building Envelope
1999

2004 (Appendix G)

Based on Design Envelope type Design is Concrete (Mass) Wall 90.1-1999 Code Requirement is for Mass Wall For NYC: U = 0.151

Based on Common Lightweight Assembly types Design is Concrete (Mass) Wall Appendix G Code Req. is for Steel Framed Walls For NYC: U = 0.124

Lighting Power Density

Sample Lighting Power Densities ASHRAE 90.1-1999 vs. 2004 (Appendix G)
2.5 2
1.5 1.5 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.7 0.5 1.3 1.6 1.4 1.3 1.1 0.8 1.8 2.2 1.7

W/SF

1.5 1 0.5 0

1999 2004

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Space Type

C or

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(E nc

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EXAMPLE: Small Nonresidential (3 Story & 50,000SF) Building Design HVAC system = Electric Water Cooled Chiller and Gas Fired Boiler

HVAC Systems

1999

2004 (Appendix G)

Baseline HVAC system based on design system type Baseline system = VAV AHU system w/ reheat and chilled/hot water coils

Baseline HVAC system based on building type Baseline system = Package DX constant volume rooftop units w/ gas fired furnace

DDC Sustainable Resources: DDC OSD Resources Energy related

http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/ddcgreen/

LEEDTM Energy and Atmosphere

Credit 2: Renewable Energy Credit 3: Additional Commissioning Credit 4: Eliminate HCFCs and Halons

Credit 5: Measurement and Verification

Credit 6: Green Power

LEEDTM Materials and Resources

Prerequisite: Storage & Collection of Recyclables Credit 1: Building Reuse Credit 2: C&D Waste Management Credit 3: Resource Reuse Credit 4: Recycled Content Credit 5: Local/Regional Materials Credit 6: Rapidly Renewable Materials Credit 7: Certified Wood

Examples: Recycled content Recycled Content Materials materials

No-cost/low-cost materials:
Concrete and CMU w/flyash or slag
Structural Steel Batt insulations

Gypsum Wallboard
Metal studs and Framing Metal Doors and Frames

Examples: Recycled content LEED Material Considerations materials

Specifications Add:
LEED Quality Assurance Requirements LEED Submittal Requirements

LEED LEAD Times

Gypsum Wallboard

Certified Wood
Ceramic Tiles

DDC Sustainable Resources for DDC OSD Resources Materials

http://www.nyc.gov/html/ddc/html/ddcgreen/

Other Resources for Materials

LEED Indoor Environmental Quality

2100 Outdoor Air 1900 1700 1500 1300 Room 111 1100 900 700 500 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
TIME of DAY

Prerequisite 1: Minimum IAQ Performance Prerequisite 2: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control (NYC Requirement) Credit 1: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring Credit 2: Increase Ventilation Effectiveness Credit 3: Construction IAQ Management
FIGURE 1. MONITORED OFFICE BUILDING "CS" Locations served by AHU #2, July 2, 1997
IAQ DATAGRAPH Return Air Room 112 Room 108 Room 115

CO2 ppm

Room 107 Room 178 Room 105

FIGURE 1. MONITORED OFFICE BUILDING "CS" Locations served by AHU #2, July 2, 1997
2100 Outdoor Air 1900 1700 1500 1300 Room 111 1100 900 700 500 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 Room 107 Room 178 Room 105 Return Air Room 112 Room 108 Room 115

IAQ DATAGRAPH

CO2 ppm

20

22

TIME of DAY

LEED Indoor Environmental Quality

2100 Outdoor Air 1900 1700 1500 1300 Room 111 1100 900 700 500 300 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 0
TIME of DAY

Prerequisite 1: Minimum IAQ Performance Prerequisite 2: Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Control Credit 1: Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Monitoring Credit 2: Increase Ventilation Effectiveness Credit 3: Construction IAQ Management
FIGURE 1. MONITORED OFFICE BUILDING "CS" Locations served by AHU #2, July 2, 1997
IAQ DATAGRAPH Return Air Room 112 Room 108 Room 115

CO2 ppm

Room 107 Room 178 Room 105

LEED Indoor Environmental Quality

Credit 4: Low-Emitting Materials

Credit 5: Indoor Chemical and Pollutant Source Control

Credit 6: Controllability of Systems Credit 7: Thermal Comfort

Credit 8: Daylight and Views

Potential Value of a Green Building Feature

Increases User Satisfaction
120 Average Annual Commercial Expenditure ($ / SF) 100 80 60 40 20
Office Workers' Salaries Total Energy Repair and Maintenance Gross Office Rent Electricity

140 (reduced absenteeism, increased productivity, reduced liability)

LEED Innovation & Design Process

Exemplary or Innovative performance above LEED requirements (Four Points Available)

Exemplary Performance of LEED Credit Educational Components Green Operations and Maintenance

LEED Accredited Professional

Innovation Points INNOVATION POINTS

LEED Timeline:
Pre-Design Development of RFP include LEED Reqs. http://www.aia.org/cote_rfps Consultant Selection Conceptual /Schematic Design Integrated Team Workshop Set Goals (Level of rating, Specific Credits) Register Project with USGBC Begin Energy Modeling (Select Tools, Compare Systems) Design Development Model Energy Efficiency Measures (EEMs) Engage Commissioning Authority (for Enhanced Cx Credit) Begin Design Phase Documentation

LEED Timeline:
Construction Documents Develop LEED/Green Specification Language Identify Lead Time items with CM Develop Const. Waste Mngt. and Const. IAQ Mngt Specs & Plans Develop Cx Specs and review CD Package Update Energy Model Construction Administration Educate contractors - Pre-award and Kick-off meetings Review Contractor Submittals for LEED Compliance Monitor Construction Waste and IAQ Management Plans Assemble Construction Phase Documentation

Substantial Completion Submit Construction Phase Documentation Deferred or Seasonal Cx Testing.

Categorizing LEED Credits Prioritizing LEED Points SecurePossible.Not Feasible

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) Prerequisites: Are they all feasible? Are any credits required? Identify automatic/default credits Identify non-viable credits Identify additional no cost/low cost credits Identify viable Credits that have a significant design impact

7)
8) 9)

Identify additional moderate cost credits

Identify additional high cost credits Identify possible Innovation Credits

10) Identify credit synergies 11) Identify Credits that reinforce owners goals.

LEED Work Plan

LEED Work Plan

In Conclusion
Integrate Design Disciplines Early -Capitalize on synergies

Focus on Site Specific/ Project Specific Opportunities

Any Questions?