Bonus Test Review

Evolution Change over time within a species Adaptation A trait that gives an organism a survival advantage in its environment Fitness The likelihood that an organism will survive in reproduce Microevolution Observable change within a species (i.e. bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics, insects becoming resistant to pesticides) Macroevolution Unobservable change where a species changes into another (remember interpretation of the footprints there may be more than 1 explanation)

Define the word

Microevolution Observable change within a species due to natural selection

MACROEVOLUTION: change from one species to another Unobservable -See Evidences of Evolution

WHALE EVOLUTION

Lamark vs Darwin -Lamark believed in evolution by acquired trait (Giraffes got long necks over time by stretching towards tall trees) -Darwin believed in evolution by natural selection (Giraffes born with longer necks had a higher fitness than giraffes with short necks) Published book On the Origin of species Where he made many of his important observations Galapagos Islands

How evolution happens

1) Overproduction 2) Competition for limited resources 3) Variation 4) Natural Selection (Survival of the Fittest) and Heredity

 ORGANISMS OFTEN PRODUCE MORE OFFSPRING THAN WILL SURVIVE Some fish lay

millions of eggs. Though most will not survive, this high number ensures that a few will.

Variation is caused by:

Sexual Reproduction
Mutation Migration

GENETIC DRIFT
Change in allele frequencies by chance If a person accidentally stepped on more green beetles, then the next generation would have more brown beetles (the trait did not provide a survival advantage)

 Type of natural selection in which the extreme phenotypes become most common Directional Selection

OTHER TYPES OF NATURAL SELECTION

STABILIZING SELECTION little change in phenotypes because of stable environments DISRUPTIVE SELECTION both extreme phenotypes are favored while average phenotype disappears

Journal 4 - The Footprint mystery

Remember we are examining the same evidence Sometimes theres more than one interpretation We are studying the evolutionary explanation

VESTIGIAL ORGANS

HOMOLOGOUS ORGANS

EMBRYO SIMILARITIES

EVIDENCES OF EVOLUTION

FOSSIL EVIDENCE

BIOCHEMICAL SIMILARITIES (DNA & AMINO ACIDS)

 Type of dating technique where fossils are dated based on their relationship to each other (older fossils are deeper) Ans = Relative Dating

 Type of dating method where radioactive isotopes are used Ans = Radioactive Dating Time it takes for half of the isotope to decay = Half-Life
Carbon half life = 5000 years. If a specimen was found with 1/8 of the original isotope, it would be how old (hint: 3 half lives)? Ans = 15,000 years old

2) Homologous structures Similar structure, different function - possibly originated from a common ancestor (bat wing, whale flipper, human hand)

Whale flipper Whale flipper

Analogous = Similar function but no relationship

Insect wing, bird wing, bat wing

Evidences cont.
3) Vestigial structures serve no purpose in modern organism (tailbone, appendix)
Considered LEFTOVERS The appendix is

considered the remnants of the cecum (which plays an important role in digestion in some animals)

Molecular and genetic evidence support fossil and anatomical evidence.

Two closely-related organisms will have similar DNA sequences.

Isolation As species become separated by barriers they may develop different traits in their new environment

CONVERGENT

Pathways of EVOLUTION

DIVERGENT

(ADAPTIVE RADIATION)

SIMILAR TRAITS DEVELOPED INDEPENDENTLY (no relationship) due to similar environment

Wings of bat, bird, insects Fins of fish and whales Placental and marsupial anteaters

SIMILAR TRAITS DUE TO COMMON ANCESTRY (related) but function later changes due to different environment
Wing of a bat and hand of a human (Homologous structures) Darwins finches

Darwins finches

What are the different adaptations they have? ANS = different beaks

Examine the pictures below. In the plant picture, the different leaf adaptations are theorized to branch out from 1 ancestor, while the 13 different species of (Darwins) finches are also believed to branch out from a common ancestor. Both of these represent what type of evolution? Divergent (Adaptive Radiation)

COMPETING explanations for RATE of EVOLUTION:

1) GRADUALISM Evolution occurs at a steady slow rate over time Darwins idea
2) PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
Stable periods of no change are interrupted by periods of rapid evolution

Ex. Cambrian explosion 530 mya most complex animals appeared on earth.

HISTORY OF THE EARTH according to the evolutionary timeline

Identify the following

Father of modern classification
Linnaeus Study of naming and classifying Taxonomy 2-naming system used to name every organism (by Genus and species) Binomial nomenclature How to write out the scientific name for humans Homo sapiens Write the 7 levels of classification from most broad to narrow Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, species Practice using dichotomous keys (pg 2 of notes)

 What is this chart called? Cladogram Based on this, what organism is most closely related to dinosaurs and birds? Crocodiles

 1) True bacteria; Prokaryotic

Eubacteria 2) Ancient bacteria; Prokaryotic Archaebacteria 3) Eukaryotic; Uni and multicellular; Dumping Ground Protista 4) Eukaryotic, Mostly multi-cellular; Heterotrophic with cell wall Fungi 5) Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular; Hetertrophic with no cell wall Animalia 6) Eukaryotic, Multi-cellular; Autotrophic with cell wall Plantae