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Cognitivism
Theories of Learning
KANNAH SURESH REXQAL TRAVAL MARLISA LUAS SATRIANA ARAS
The foundations of
Behaviorism
a theory that its perspective may be defined as a change of behavior as a result of experience-that can be measured.
Cognitivism
a theory that its perspective is a change in mental representations and associations brought about by experiences.
Cognitive theories
Determine which cues elicit the desired responses. Arrange practice situations so they will prompt elicit responses in a natural setting. Arrange environmental conditions to enhance stimuli. Focus on the design of the environment to optimize learning. Use feedback (reinforcement) to modify behavior in the desired direction.
Focus on the mental activities of the learner. Acknowledge the processes of the mental planning, goal-setting, and organizational strategies. Stress over efficient processing strategies. Make use of feedback (knowledge of feedback) to guide and support accurate mental connections.
Control
Behaviorist: presentation of scientifically
graded language items.
Error
Behaviorist: should not be made at all.
Exposure
Behaviorist: necessary, but in a linguistically
controlled way.
Practice
Behaviorist: drills and drills, constant
repetition is definitely necessary.
Grading of Items
Behaviorist: Strict, clear, step by step (lockstep method)
Behaviorism Cognitivism
Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two learning theories that even though they have their differences, both theories emphasize the role that environmental conditions play in facilitating learning, as well as emphasis on the role of practice with corrective feedback.
Behaviorism and Cognitivism emphasize the role that environmental conditions play in facilitating learning, as well as emphasis on the role of practice with corrective feedback.
Differences
Behaviourism
should not be made at all.
Aspect
Error
Cognitivism
can be made, since through errors one can learn.
Exposure
Practice
an active processor of learning. One whose internal data processing mechanism operate.
one who teaches, plans, presents language items and exercises, makes students repeat drills and gives correct language forms. based on the structures and vocabulary of language presented systematically.
one who creates opportunities for learning to occur with the help of the learners data processing mechanism.
could be less systematically presented structures and vocabulary, functions, notions, situations, and cognitive functions.
Grading of items
References
Abbie Brown & Timothy D. Green (2006), The Essentials of Instructional Design., Pearson Education , Inc. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey http://www.forerunner.com/forerunner/X0497_DeMar_Behaviorism.html What is Behaviorism? By Kendra Van Wagner http://psychology.about.com/od/behavioralpsychology/f/behaviorism/htm http://geocities.com/learningenviornments/learningenvironments.html Linguistics Valleys: theory of Teaching: Behaviorism and Cognitivism http://linguisticsearch.blogspot.com/2006/12/theory-of-teachingbehaviorism.htm Cognitive Theories of Learning http://www.personal/psu/edu/users/w/x/wxh139/cognitive_1.htm Learning-Theories (2008) http://www.learning-theories.com/cognitive.html 1998-2008 Funderstanding http://funderstanding.com/content/behavirism