Moisture Adsorption Isotherm of Sea cucumber

(Actinopyga miliaris)
6.0

5.0

4.0 EMC (% dry basis)

3.0

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0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3
aw

0.4

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0.6

Christine Joy Allas

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sea cucumber
KINGDOM: Animalia PHYLUM: Echinodermata

CLASS: Holothuroidea
ORDER: Aspiodochirotida FAMILY: Holothuriidae

GENUS: Actinopyga
SPECIES: miliaris

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Sea cucumbers are harvested for food consumption and its pharmaceutical benefits

Dried sea cucumber is the 8th major fishery export in terms of value as of year 2011 amounting to 730 MT sold at 8,228 USD or 354,471 Pesos (BFAR, 2011)

A kilo of high value species can be sold up to 4000 Php. And low value species can still be sold at 380Php

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Source: Brown, E.O. Et al., 2010

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BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

PCAARRDs Program Title: Increasing Sea cucumber Culture Production and Value of Dried Sea cucumber Products

Project Title: Enhancing Philippine Sea Cucumber Industry through Appropriate Processing Technology

Moisture Adsorption Isotherm of Sea cucumber

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SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Moisture sorption isotherm provides thermodynamic properties needed for the design and optimization of drying process of sea cucumber (Actinopyga miliaris)

MSI are also used to predict shelf life This study will be a contribution to PCAARRDs program

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OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

The general objective of the study is

To determine the adsorption isotherms of

Actinopyga miliaris

The specific objectives are

1 2 3
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To develop a mathematical model for adsorption isotherms of A. miliaris

To determine the effects of temperature on sorption isotherms of A. miliaris To determine the shelf life of A. miliaris packed in polyethylene film

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SCOPE AND LIMITATION

This study determined only the adsoprtion isotherms of the species Actinopyga miliaris At varying temperature of 30, 45 and 60 C And equilibrium relative humidities ranging from 11-50% Each set-up was done in duplicate with two samples per set-up (total of 4 replicates) Size of polyethylene films used: smallest available size available in PHTRC
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TIME AND PLACE OF STUDY

February 2012 to September 2013 Grain Laboratory, ABPROD, CEAT, UPLB

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REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Beche-de-mer Industry Moisture Content Water Activity Moisture Sorption Isotherms Moisture Sorption Isotherm Determination Shelf Life of Packaged Sea Cucumber

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Beche-de-mer Industry
Beche-de-mer (French): The processed form of sea cucumber

Proximate Analysis: Processing: evisceration Moisture 17% -> boiling-> burial in Local Name: Balatan Protein 43% damp sand -> removal Minerals 21% of external coat -> Fat 2%drying reboiling-> sun Soluble Ash 7%

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Moisture Content
Moisture Content: the ratio of the amount of water present in the material to its total weight Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) - a point where the vapor pressure of material is equal to the vapor pressure of its surroundings at constant temperature and relative humidity
MCwb = % moisture content in wet basis MCdb = % moisture content in dry basis mw = mass of wet material md = mass of dry material

= =

() ()

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Water Activity
The measure of the energy status of water in the material

=
Where:

= %

aw= water activity p = partial pressure of water in the material at a given temp Po = vapor pressure of material at same temp ERH = equilibrium relative humidiy

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Moisture Sorption Isotherms

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Moisture Sorption Isotherms

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Sorption Isotherm Determination

Controlled EMC Measured RH Constant T
Static

Controlled RH Measured EMC Constant T

Gravimetric Method

Dynamic

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Sorption Isotherm Determination

ERH of different salt solutions at 30, 45 and 60C. ERH (%) Salt Solution

T=30C
Lithium chloride (LiCl) Potassium acetate (CH3CO2K) Magnesium chloride (MgCl) Potassium carbonate (K2CO3) 11.28 21.61 32.40 43.10

T=45C
11.16 19.8 31.10 42.06

T=60C
10.95 18.00 29.26 42.12

Sodium dichromate (Na2Cr2O7)

52.5

48.5

44.4

Source: Greenspan (1976); Greenspan, 1977 and Labuza et al., 1985 as cited by Gazor, 2010

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Mathematical Models of Sorption Isotherm

MSI could be expressed mathematically through these models

Theoretical Empirical Semi-empirical

Linear Non-linear Regresssional

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Shelf Life of Packaged Sea Cucumbers

Food Packaging: necessary to ensure food safety and quality

,= = ,

is the thickness of packaging material (m) W is the weight of the product (kg) P is the permeability of the material (kgm/m2dkPa) A is the area of the package (m2) psat is the water vapor pressure of pure water at storage temperature (kPa) RHo is the relative humidity outside the package (%) RHi is the relative humidity inside the package (%)

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Sample Conditioning
Sample Conditioning

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EMC determination
System set-up Preparation os salt solutions EMC determination

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EMC determination
System set-up Preparation os salt solutions EMC determination

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EMC determination
System set-up Preparation os salt solutions EMC determination

The samples will be subjected to the salt with lowest ERH (Lithium chloride)

The samples will be weighed ideally every two hours

Recording of actual temperature

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Adsorption Isotherm Modeling

Curve Fit Selection of best model

MODEL NAME Modified Chung-Pfost1 Modified Henderson3

MODEL EQUATION

( + )

Modified Oswin1 Guggenhein-Andersonde Boer (GAB)2 =

( ) + = + [ ] = ( )( + )

Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET)2 Modified Smith3

( ) ( + ( )) = + ( + ) =

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Adsorption Isotherm Modeling

Selection Curve ofFit best model Selection of best model

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Estimation of Shelf Life

Experimental Procedure Calculation

Drying to 2% MC Packing Weighing of Samples Recording of actual Temperature Recording of actual RH

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Estimation of Shelf Life

Experimental Procedure Calculation

Linear equation from best model obtained ERH=a+b(MC)

=

WVTR

,= = ,

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EXPERIMENTAL OBSERVATIONS
Stabilization of weight: 11% and 20%: 30%, 40% and 50%:

1 week 4 weeks

Fluctuating weight of samples at 30% RH Crystalization of salts

Actual temperature is close to ambient/controller setting

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EQUILIBRIUM MOISTURE CONTENT

6.0 5.0

EMC (% dry basis)

4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 0.3 0.4 0.5 aw Figure 4-1. Moisture Sorption Isotherm METHODS R&D S&C 0.1 0.2 0.6

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SORPTION ISOTHERM MODEL

6.0 5.0 EMC (% dry basis) 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 0 0.2 0.4 0.6 aw Figure 4-1. Moisture Sorption Isotherm 60

30
45 GAB Model R2=0.0985 RMSE=0.1419 2 =0.0557

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ESTIMATION OF SHELF LIFE

8.00 7.00 6.00 EMC (%) 5.00 4.00 3.00 2.00 1.00 0.00 0 2 4 6 8 Day 10 12 14 16 1 mil 1.5 mil 2 mil

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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

The general objective of the study is

To determine the adsorption isotherms of

Actinopyga miliaris

1 2 3
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GAB model

Temperature has no significant effect

Increased thickness of PE film will prolong storage of A.miliaris

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RECOMMENDATION 1
Reduce duration of experiment Use more samples and get EMC simultaneously for different RH

2
3
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Increase range of water activity

Use same package size Use samples of equal or almost equal weights

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THANK YOU!

INTRODUCTION

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

METHODOLOGY

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