Company

LOGO
KNL2283
Telecommunication engineering Principles
Chapter 1
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
Ade Syaheda Wani Binti Marzuki
Department of Electronic Engineering
Semester 1, Session 2009/2010
Outlines

1.1 Modern Communications Systems
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves and Energy
1.3 Electromagnetic Spectrum and Allocations
1.4 Bandwidth and Information Capacity
1.5 Simplex, duplex and half-duplex systems
KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology


PART 1.1
Modern
Communications Systems
KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology
What is
communication?

1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
Definition:
Communication:
A process of transferring information or
data from one source to another.

Data:
Can be text, image, video, voice and etc


KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
Definition:
Communication system:
A set of electronic equipments for
transmitting and receiving information in
understandable format.

KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
Why
communication is
important?

1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
Importance of communication:

Send messages over great distances easily and
reliably
Send large amount of data quickly from one
point to another

Example of modern communication:
Hand-held radios
Satellite dish antenna
Commercial radio/ tv station
Radar

KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
What do we need
for any
communication to
occur

1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
1.1 Introduction to modern
communication systems
Basic requirements:

At least 2 endpoints
Source;
Data;
Medium of transmission;
Receiver.

Both party must agree upon
Coding
Meaning
Modulation used


KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles


PART 1.2
Electromagnetic
Waves and Energy
KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Information sent from one point to another in
form of electromagnetic energy
Various mode of electromagnetic energy:


same basic law
of physic apply
KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
Voltage/ current through
wires
Radio emissions through
air or the vacuum of space
Light
Wavelength
Velocity
frequency
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Wavelength
Distance between peaks of the
oscillations of the energy waves
Also equivalent to the distance travelled in
time to complete one cycle

Velocity
The speed at which the energy travels
through the wire, air, vacuum or optical
fiber

Frequency
Number of oscillations or cycles per
second





KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
f
v
c =
Relationship:
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Propagation velocity
Speed at which a wave travels depend on the
substance or medium through which it is
travelling
Fastest propagation velocity in VACUUM!,






KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
s m c / 10 3
8
=
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Try this!
Example 1.1

What is the wavelength in a vacuum for a
frequency of 1 million Hertz?






Hint: use







KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
f
v
c =
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Try this!
Example 1.2

What is the frequency when the measured
wavelength is 6 m?






Hint: use







KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
f
v
c =
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Propagation velocity
The propagation velocity is less in any medium
other than vacuum.

In air : 95-98% of the value in vacuum
In wire: 60-85% of the value in vacuum
(depending on wire type. Construction and
insulation)

e.g: common type of cable used for cable TV
has propagation velocity of 75% of c.







KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
The frequency of communications system is
determined by the transmitter circuitry.
It is designed to have specific value or range of
values.

e.g:
A standard AM broadcast radio signal at
1,000,000 Hz in the vacuum of space has
wavelength of:






KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
m
Hz
s m
2
8
10 3
000 , 000 , 1
/ 10 3
=

1.2 Electromagnetic Waves

and Energy
e.g:
A TV broadcast signal for channel 11 uses a
frequency of 200 MHz. The corresponding
wavelength in vacuum is:






KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
m
Hz
s m
5 . 1
10 2
/ 10 3
6
8
=

1.2 Electromagnetic Waves

and Energy
Try this!
Example 1.3

A signal is normally sent theough vacuum,
at a frequency 60 million Hz. However, it is
also broadcast through air, with propagation
factor = 0.98 of c. What is the wavelength in
(a) vacuum, and (b) air?













KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
and Energy
Try this!
Example 1.4

The same signal is now sent through a
cable, with propagating factor of 0.69 of c.
What is the velocity? What is the
wavelength?













KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles


PART 1.3
The Electromagnetic Spectrum
And Allocations
KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology
1.3 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum and Allocations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Total span of frequencies and corresponding
wavelengths used in communication systems





KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.3 The Electromagnetic
Spectrum and Allocations
Electromagnetic Spectrum
Divided into different bands, each with a name
and boundaries.
Each band is used for many communications
services.
Frequency assigned/allocation by ITU
(International Telecommunications Union) to
avoid interference.





KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles


PART 1.4
Bandwidth and Information
Capacity
KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology
1.4 Bandwidth and
Information Capacity
Bandwidth, B
Span of frequencies within the spectrum is
occupied by a signal and used by the signal to
convey information
Issues in sending any information
Minimum Bandwidth
Bandwidth Required

Bandwidth available in the higher-frequency
band is much greater that in lower-frequency
bands






KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.4 Bandwidth and
Information Capacity
Information Capacity, C
Information capacity of a communication
channel is related to bandwidth, signal power,
and noise in the channel.
Shannons formula:



Where:
C is in bits/second
B is in Hz
signal power and noise power in Watt







KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
|
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
power noise
power signal
bandwidth C 1 log
2
1.4 Bandwidth and
Information Capacity
Example:
Suppose a communications link is using a
transmitter of 10 W power, and there is 1W
of noise power in the same link. The channel
capacity is therefore:




To increase the information capacity, we have
to increase the bandwidth first.






KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
s bits C / 3459
1
10
1 log 1000
2
=
|
.
|

\
|
+ =
1.4 Bandwidth and
Information Capacity
Example:
Suppose that 10,000bits/s must be sent so
that the user does not have to wait too long
for the critical data, and the system has 100
W of signal power versus 10 W of noise
power. The bandwidth required is










KNL2283
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
Hz
noise signal
power signal
C
B 2890
) 1 ( log
2
=
+
=
1.4 Bandwidth and
Information Capacity
Try this!
Example 1.5

What bandwidth is needed by Shannons
Theory, to support a capacity of 20,000 bits/s
when the ratio of signal power to noise ratio
is 100?













KNL2833
Telecommunication Engineering Principles


PART 1.5
Simplex, Duplex and Half-Duplex
System
KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology
1.5 Simplex, Duplex and
Half-Duplex System
Simplex System
A system that is capable to send the information
in one direction only

No provision for sending in reverse direction

e.g: Broadcast radio, TV






KNL2283
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.5 Simplex, Duplex and
Half-Duplex System
Duplex or Full Duplex System
A system that is capable to send the information
in two direction at same time

Both party can receive or transmit at same time,
the message travels independent of each other.

Require twice the bandwidth, number of wires or
number of signal channels

e.g: phone call






KNL2283
Telecommunication Engineering Principles
1.5 Simplex, Duplex and
Half-Duplex System
Half Duplex System
A system that is capable to send the information
in both direction, but in one direction at a time

Both party can only receive or transmit at one
time

Use same the bandwidth, number of wires or
number of signal channels

e.g: walkie talkie, push to talk






KNL2283
Telecommunication Engineering Principles



Any Question?

KNL1233
Electrical Engineering Technology