NAVIGATION AND CHARTWORK

February 2012
CANADIAN CANADIAN COAST COAST GUARD GUARD AUXILIARY AUXILIARY -PACIFIC PACIFIC

Navigation and Chartwork

This powerpoint is not intended to cover this whole subject.
While it covers the main pertinent points of the standard, the candidate is expected to be already familiar with nautical charts, symbols, and various methods of obtaining fixes using visual means, radar and other electronic navigational aids, as well as the nautical publications.
CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Standard

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Standard
Comprehensive knowledge of charts, chart symbols and chartwork
Knowledge of bearings, ranges, fixes, running fixes, set and drift Compass use Knowledge and use of nautical publications

Navigate in all conditions with due regard for good seamanship

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Chart Information

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Chart Information
Chart 1 is the publication containing explanations of the symbols, terms and abbreviations needed to interpret nautical charts published by the Canadian Hydrographic Service.
Coxswains must be familiar with this document. It is available online.
CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Chart Information

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Chart Information

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Chart Information

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Chart Information

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Standard Chartwork Symbols

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Standard Chartwork Symbols

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Descriptions

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Taking Visual Fixes

Visual fixes with bearing taken at the same time.
Take bearings on the beam first, and those directly ahead or astern last. When measuring objects to determine a line of position, measure first those which have the greatest rate of change in the quantity being measured; measure last those which have the least rate of change in that quantity.
CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Dead Reckoning
A method to forecast where the vessel will be, knowing true course and speed alone
Fix 1010 DR 1030

Course 100T @ 30 knots

20 minutes at 30 knots = 10nm

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Estimated Position
A method to forecast where the vessel will be, knowing true course and speed, set and drift
Fix 1010 EP

1030

Course 100T @ 30 knots

20 minutes at 30 knots = 10nm

Set 040T at 6 knots 20 minutes at 6 knots = 2nm

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Allowing for Set and Drift

A method to maintain the desired track allowing for set and drift
Fix 1010 Course to make good 100 T Speed made good 31.5 knots

Course to steer 115T Speed 30 knots

Set 040T Drift 6 knots

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Running Fix
A method to find the vessel with two bearings off the same object or two different objects

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Running Fix 1
A method to find the vessel with two bearings off the same object or two different objects
1000 Bearing 1 010T

Course 300T @ 30 knots

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Running Fix 2
Lay off second bearing taken at 1015
1000 Bearing 1 010T 1015 Bearing 2 070T

Course 300T @ 30 knots

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Running Fix 3
Lay off course and distance traveled to time of second bearing
1000 Bearing 1 010T 1015 Bearing 2 070T

Course 300T @ 30 knots (7.5nm)

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Running Fix 4
Move bearing 1 to end of course line and distance travelled - fix will be where two bearings cross
1000 Bearing 1 010T 1015 Bearing 2 070T

1015

Course 300T @ 30 knots

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Running Fix 5
Set and drift can be added to the course and distance vector, and the transferred bearing line run from that.
1000 Bearing 1 010T 1015 Bearing 2 070T

1015

Course 300T @ 30 knots

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Fixes and Cocked Hats

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Compass Work

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Compass Work
Remember that the steering compass deviation table will only be accurate if: 1. No major alterations of structure or wiring have been made to the vessel; 2. No metallic objects (walkie talkies, knives, etc.) have been placed close to the compass; 3. Time - a vessels deviation can change over time.
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Compass Work
The variation on this compass rose 021E (1988 13W). What would the variation be today?

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Compass Work
What would be the deviation on a compass course of 315C and a compass bearing of 000C?

15.75 E 2012
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Compass Work
What would be the compass course to steer, if the true course required was 200T in 2012?

6W
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Compass Work
Remember that the hand bearing compass will have different deviation from the vessels steering compass.

180C
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Radar Navigation

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Radar Navigation
The variable range marker (VRM) should be moved out until it just touches the object to be measured - that will be the range.

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Radar Navigation
When taking fixes using ranges taken at the same time, measure objects directly ahead or astern first, and measure objects closest to the beam last.
This is different to visual bearings.

CANADIAN COAST GUARD AUXILIARY - PACIFIC

Radar Navigation
Radar ranges off two objects should be as close to 90 degrees apart as possible, and with three objects about 60 degrees apart to obtain the greatest accuracy.
Identify points off the chart, before obtaining radar ranges, NOT the other way around.

Use two or more objects (points of land or small isolated islands) that can be positively identified, both on the chart and by the radar.
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Radar Navigation
Racons are receiver/transmitter (R/T) transponder devices that can be used as a navigation aid that shows on the radar screen.
Racons and their identifying Morse mark are indicated on marine charts.

Measure the range to the racon from the first dot or dash nearest your own vessel on the screen.
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Radar Visibility
Sight relies on light waves.
Radar relies on electromagnetic waves. On our rescue vessels, the horizon for both is not far
Height of eye or radar 2 metres 3 metres 4 metres Distance to Visual Horizon 3.0 nm 3.6 nm 4.2 nm Distance to Radar Horizon 3.1 nm 3.8 nm 4.4 nm

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Radar Visibility
As such, care needs to be taken when measuring radar ranges over the radar horizon, unless the range being measured is a charted vertical face.

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Detection Ranges

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Detection Ranges for Low Antenna Heights

Tankers, bulk carriers, cruise ships 912 nm

Freighters, cargo ships, medium warships 69 nm Lightships 47 nm

Trawlers, coasters, small warships 36 nm

Metal-hulled boats 34 nm Wood, fiberglass boats with radar reflectors 24 nm

Large sized buoys with reflector 35 nm

Large sized buoys without reflector 23 nm Medium sized fairway buoys 12 nm
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