RLC Circuit and Resonance

Electric Circuit 2
Endah S. Ningrum
Mechatronics-EEPIS-ITS
Impedance of Series RLC Circuits
A series RLC circuit contains both inductance and capacitance
Since X
L
and X
C
have opposite effects on the circuit phase angle,
the total reactance (X
tot
)is less than either individual reactance

C L tot
X X X =
Impedance of Series RLC Circuits
When X
L
>X
C
, the circuit is predominantly inductive, causes the total
current to lag the source voltage.
When X
C
> X
L
, the circuit is predominantly capacitive, causes the
total current to lag the source voltage.
Total reactance |X
L
X
C
|
Total impedance for a series RLC circuit is:
Example
Problem
Determine the total impedance and the phase angle in the next figure, with
f=1kHz, R=560kW, L=100mH, and C=0,56mF







Solution
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O = = =
O =

=

=
628 100 1 2 2
284
56 . 0 1 2
1
2
1
mH kHz L f X
F kHz C f
X
L
C
t t
t t
Example
Solution



O = O O = = 344 284 628
C L tot
X X X
( ) ( )
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
= |
.
|

\
|
=
O = + O = + =

6 . 31
560
344
tan tan
657 344 560
1 1
2 2 2
2
R
X
X R Z
tot
tot tot
u
Analysis of Series RLC Circuits
A series RLC circuit is:
Capacitive when X
C
>X
L
Inductive when X
L
>X
C
Resonant when X
C
=X
L
At resonance Ztot = R
X
L
is a straight line
y = mx + b
X
C
is a hyperbola xy = k
Example
Problem
For each of the following frequencies of the source voltage, find the
impedance and the phase angle for the circuit in the next figure. Note the
change in the impedance and the phase angle with frequency, with,
R=3,3kO, L=100mH, and C=0,022F for:

a. f=1khZ b. f=3,5kHz c. f=5kHz






Example
Solution






Of a.



( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O = = =
O =

=

=
628 100 1 2 2
23 . 7
022 . 0 1 2
1
2
1
mH kHz L f X
k
F kHz C f
X
L
C
t t
t t
O = O O = = k k X X X
C L tot
6 . 6 23 . 7 628
( ) ( )
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
= |
.
|

\
|
=
O = O + O = + =

4 . 63
3 . 3
6 . 6
tan tan
38 . 7 6 . 6 3 . 3
1 1
2 2 2
2
k
k
R
X
k k k X R Z
tot
tot tot
u
Example
Solution






Of b.



( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O = = =
O =

=

=
k mH kHz L f X
k
F kHz C f
X
L
C
20 . 2 100 5 . 3 2 2
07 . 2
022 . 0 5 . 3 2
1
2
1
t t
t t
O = O O = = 130 07 . 2 20 . 2 k k X X X
C L tot
( ) ( )
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
= |
.
|

\
|
=
O = O + O = + =

26 . 2
3 . 3
130
tan tan
30 . 3 130 3 . 3
1 1
2 2 2
2
k R
X
k k X R Z
tot
tot tot
u
Example
Solution






Of c.



( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O = = =
O =

=

=
k mH kHz L f X
k
F kHz C f
X
L
C
14 . 3 100 5 2 2
45 . 1
022 . 0 5 2
1
2
1
t t
t t
O = O O = = k k k X X X
C L tot
69 . 1 45 . 1 14 . 3
( ) ( )
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
= |
.
|

\
|
=
O = O + O = + =

1 . 27
3 . 3
69 . 1
tan tan
71 . 3 69 . 1 3 . 3
1 1
2 2 2
2
k
k
R
X
k k k X R Z
tot
tot tot
u
Voltage Across the Series Combination
of L and C
In a series RLC circuit, the
capacitor voltage and the inductor
voltage are always 180 out of
phase with each other
Because they are 180 out of
phase, V
C
and V
L
subtract from
each other
The voltage across L and C
combined is always less that the
larger individual voltage across
either element
The voltage across the series
combination of C and L is always less
than the larger individual voltage
across either C or L
Voltage Across the Series Combination
of L and C
In a series RLC circuit, the
capacitor voltage and the inductor
voltage are always 180 out of
phase with each other
Because they are 180 out of
phase, V
C
and V
L
subtract from
each other
The voltage across L and C
combined is always less that the
larger individual voltage across
either element
Inductor voltage and capacitor
voltage effectively subtract
because they are out of phase
Problem
Find the voltage across each element in the next figure and draw a
complete voltage phasor diagram. Also find the voltage across L and C
combined







Solution


Example
O = O O = = k k k X X X
C L tot
35 60 25
( ) ( ) O = O + O = + = k k k X R Z
tot tot
8 . 82 35 75
2 2 2
2
Example
Solution







A
k
V
Z
V
I
tot
S
121
28 . 8
10
=
O
= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) V k A X I V
V k A X I V
V k A R I V
C C
L L
R
26 . 7 60 121
03 . 3 25 121
08 . 9 75 121
= O = =
= O = =
= O = =

V V V V V V
L C CL
23 . 4 03 . 3 26 . 7 = = =
=
|
.
|

\
|
O
O
= |
.
|

\
|
=

25
75
35
tan tan
1 1
k
k
R
X
tot
u
Series Resonance
Resonance is a condition in a series RLC circuit in which the
capacitive and inductive reactances are equal in magnitude
The result is a purely resistive impedance
The formula for series resonance is:
At the resonant frequency (f ), the reactances are equal in magnitude
and effectively cancel, leaving Z = R
Series Resonance
( ) ( )
C L f
f
C L f C f L f
C f
L f
X X
r
r
r r r
r
r
C L

=
= =

=
=
2
2
2
2
2
4
1
1 4 2 2
2
1
2
t
t t t
t
t
C L
f
r

=
t 2
1
Series Resonance
At the resonant frequency fr, the voltages across C and L are equal
in magnitude.
Since they are 180 out of phase with each other, they cancel,
leaving 0 V across the C,L combination (point A to point B).
The section of the circuit from A to B effectively looks like a short at
resonance (neglecting winding resistance).

V&I Ampitudes in Series RLC Circuit
Below the Resonant Frequency
At the
Resonant
Frequency
Above the Resonant Frequency
Series Resonance
Generalized current and voltage magnitudes as a function of frequency in a series RLC
circuit. VC and VL can be much larger than the source voltage. The shapes of the
graphs depend on particular circuit values.
Series RLC Impedance as a Function
of Frequency
Example
Problem
Find I, V
R
, V
L
, and V
C
at the resonance in the next figure , with VS=50mV,
R=22O, X
L
=100O, and X
C
=100O








Solution
mA
mV
R
V
I
S
27 . 2
22
50
=
O
= =
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) mV mA X I V
mV mA X I V
mV mA R I V
C C
L L
R
227 100 27 . 2
227 100 27 . 2
50 22 27 . 2
= O = =
= O = =
= O = =
Example
Problem
Determine the impedance at the following frequencies, for the R=10O,
L=100mH, C=0,01F









a. fr b. 1kHz below fr c. 1kHz above fr

Example
Solution for a.




Solution for b.



O = = 10 R Z
( ) ( )
kHz
F mH C L
f
r
03 . 5
01 . 0 100 2
1
2
1
=

=
t t
kHz kHz kHz kHz f f
r
03 . 4 1 03 . 5 1 = = =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O = = =
O =

=

=
k mH kHz L f X
k
F kHz C f
X
L
C
53 . 2 100 03 . 4 2 2
95 . 3
01 . 0 03 . 4 2
1
2
1
t t
t t
O = O O = = k k k X X X
C L tot
42 . 1 95 . 3 53 . 2
( ) ( ) O = O + O = + = k k X R Z
tot tot
42 . 1 42 . 1 10
2 2 2
2
Example
Solution for c.







kHz kHz kHz kHz f f
r
03 . 6 1 03 . 5 1 = + = + =
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) O = = =
O =

=

=
k mH kHz L f X
k
F kHz C f
X
L
C
79 . 3 100 03 . 6 2 2
64 . 2
01 . 0 03 . 6 2
1
2
1
t t
t t
O = O O = = k k k X X X
C L tot
15 . 1 64 . 2 79 . 3
( ) ( ) O = O + O = + = k k X R Z
tot tot
15 . 1 15 . 1 10
2 2 2
2
Phase Angle of a Series RLC Circuit
A Basic Series Resonant Bandpass Filter
Current is maximum at
resonant frequency
Bandwidth (BW) is the
range between two cutoff
frequencies (f1 to f2)
Within the bandwidth
frequencies, the current is
greater than 70.7% of the
highest resonant value
Bandwidth of Series Resonant Circuits
Frequency Response of Series Resonant
Bandpass Filter
Example of the frequency
response of a series
resonant band-pass filter
with the input voltage at a
constant 10 V rms. The
winding resistance of the
coil is neglected.
Formula for Bandwidth
Bandwidth for either series or parallel resonant circuits is
the range of frequencies between the upper and lower
cutoff frequencies for which the response curve (I or Z) is
0.707 of the maximum value



Ideally the center frequency is:
Half Power Point
The 70.7% cutoff point is also referred to as:
The Half Power Point
-3dB Point
Half Power Point
( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
max
2
max
2
max
2
2 / 1
2
max
2
2 / 1 2 / 1
2
max max
5 , 0 5 , 0 707 , 0
707 , 0
P R I R I P
R I R I P
R I P
f f
f f f f
= = =
= =
=
Half Power Point
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
in
out
in
out
P
P
dB
V
V
dB
log 10
log 20
( ) dB
V
V
3 707 , 0 log 20
707 , 0
log 20
max
max
= =
|
|
.
|

\
|

Selectivity
Selectivity defines how well a
resonant circuit responds to a
certain frequency and
discriminates against all other
frequencies
The narrower the bandwidth
steeper the slope, the greater
the selectivity
This is related to the Quality
(Q) Factor (performance) of
the inductor at resonance. A
higher Q Factor produces a
tighter bandwidth
Selectivity
W
L L L
R R
X
R
X
R I
X I
Q
Q
+
= =

=
= =
2
2
power true
power reactive
Dissipated Energy
Strored Energy
How Q Affects Bandwitdh
Q
f
BW
r
=
Note: X
L
at the resonant frequency
A Basic Series Resonant Bandstop Filter
A basic series resonant band-stop
Filter Circuit
Generalized response curve for a
band-stop filter
Frequency Response of Series Resonant
Bandstop Filter
Example of the
frequency response of
a series resonant
band-stop filter with
Vin at a constant 10 V
rms. The winding
resistance is
neglected.
Parallel RLC Circuits
A parallel resonant circuit
stores energy in the magnetic
field of the coil and the electric
field of the capacitor. The
energy is transferred back and
forth between the coil and
capacitor
Parallel RLC Circuits
|
.
|

\
|
=
=
+ =
=

G
B
Y
Z
B G Y
B B B
tot
tot
C L tot
1
2
2
tan
1
u
( ) ( )
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

R
CL
CL R tot
I
I
I I I
1
2 2
tan u
Where :
1. B : Susceptance
2. Y : Admitance
3. G : Conductance
Current Across the Parallel Combination
of L and C
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
+ =

R
CL
CL R tot
I
I
I I I
1
2 2
tan u
L C CL
I I I =
Where :
Current Across the Parallel Combination of L
and C
Conversion of Series-Parallel to Parallel
( )
( ) 1
1
2
2
2
+ =
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
Q R R
Q
Q
L L
W eq p
eq
( ) mH mH mH L
L L
eq
eq
1 . 10 01 . 1 10
10
1 10
10
2
2
= =
|
|
.
|

\
| +
=
=
For Q>=10
Parallel Resonant Circuits
For parallel resonant circuits, the impedance is maximum (in theory,
infinite) at the resonant frequency
Total current is minimum at the resonant frequency
Bandwidth is the same as for the series resonant circuit; the critical
frequency impedances are at 0.707Zmax
A basic parallel resonant band-pass filter
Parallel Resonant Circuits
For parallel resonant circuits, the impedance is maximum (in theory,
infinite) at the resonant frequency
Total current is minimum at the resonant frequency
Bandwidth is the same as for the series resonant circuit; the critical
frequency impedances are at 0.707Zmax
Generalized frequency response curves for a parallel resonant band-pass filter
Parallel Resonant Circuits
Example of the
response of a
parallel resonant
band-pass filter
with the input
voltage at a
constant 10 V rms
Parallel Resonant Circuits
A basic parallel resonant band-stop filter
Applications
A simplified portion of a TV receiver showing filter usage
Applications
A simplified diagram of a superheterodyne AM radio broadcast
receiver showing the application of tuned resonant circuits