Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Khoa in t Vin thng

Thng tin di ng
Mobile Communications
TS. Trng Tun
B mn K thut thng tin

H Ni, 10-2010
2
Mng thng tin di ng 3G
UMTS / W-CDMA
(Universal Mobile Telecommunications System)
2. Nguyn l tri ph v s dng m trong UMTS
Multiple Access Schemes
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA), different frequencies for different
users
example Nordic Mobile Terminal (NMT) systems
Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA), same frequency but different timeslots
for different users,
example Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM)
GSM also uses FDMA
Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA), same frequency and time but users are
separated from each other with orthogonal codes
Cod
e
Frequenc
y
Tim
e
1
2
N

TDMA FDMA CDMA
Shannon Equation
C = B log
2
(1 + SNR)

B = Bandwidth
C= Channel
SNR = Signal-to-noise ratio

CDMA
Multiple users occupying the same band simultaneously by
having different codes is known as Code Division Multiple
Access or CDMA.
This leads to universal frequency reuse.
CDMA is a Spread Spectrum technique.
Direct Sequence - CDMA is used in mobile communication.
Data X
Spread Data
Carrier
Modulation
Code
Spread Spectrum
Means that the transmission bandwidth is much larger than the
information bandwidth i.e. transmitted signal is spread to a wider
bandwidth
Bandwidth is not dependent on the information signal
Benefits
More secure communication
Reduces the impact of interference (and jamming) due
to processing gain
Classification
Direct Sequence (spreading with pseudo noise (PN) sequence)
Frequency hopping (rapidly changing frequency)
Time Hopping (large frequency, short transmission bursts)
Direct Sequence is currently commercially most viable
Spread Spectrum
Where does spread spectrum come from
First publications, late 40s
First applications: Military from the 50s
Rake receiver patent 1956
Cellular applications proposed late 70s
Investigations for cellular use 80s
IS-95 standard 1993 (2G)
1997/1998 3G technology choice
2001/2002 Commercial launch of WCDMA
technology
Direct Sequence
In direct sequence (DS) user bits are coded with unique binary
sequence i.e. with spreading/channelization code
The bits of the channelization code are called chips
Chip rate (W) is typically much higher than bit rate (R)
Codes need to be in some respect orthogonal to each
other.
Length of a channelization code
defines how many chips are used to spread a single
information bit and thus determines the end bit rate
Shorter code equals to higher bit rate but better Signal
to Interference and Noise Ratio (SINR) is required
Also the shorter the code, the fewer number of codes are available
Different bit rates have different geographical areas
covered based on the interference levels


Direct Sequence
Transmission (Tx) side with DS
Information signal is multiplied with
channelization code => spread signal
Receiving (Rx) side with DS
Spread signal is multiplied with channelization
code
Multiplied signal (spread signal x code) is then
integrated (i.e. summed together)
If the integration results in adequately high (or low) values, the
signal is meant for the receiver
Direct Sequence
Direct Sequence
Processing gain and Spreading
Frequency
Despread narrowband signal
Spread wideband signal
W
R
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)

P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)

Frequency
Transmitted signal
before spreading
Received signal
before despreading
Interference for the part
we are interested in
Processing gain and Spreading
Frequency
P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)

P
o
w
e
r

d
e
n
s
i
t
y

(
W
a
t
t
s
/
H
z
)

Frequency
Received signal
after despreading but
before filtering
Received signal
after despreading and
after filtering
Transmitted signal
Interference
Processing gain and Spreading
Spread spectrum systems reduce the effect of interference due to
processing gain
Processing gain is generally defined as follows:
G
[dB]
=10*log10(W/R), where W is the chip rate and R is the user bit rate
The number of users takes negative effect on the processing gain. The
loss is defined as:
Lp = 10*log10k, where k is the amount of users
Processing gain when the processing loss is taken into account is
Gtot=10*log10(W/kR)
High bit rate means lower processing gain and higher power OR
smaller coverage
The processing gain is different for different services over 3G mobile
network (voice, web browsing, videophone) due to different bit rates
Thus, the coverage area and capacity might be different for different
services depending on the radio network planning issues
Processing gain and Spreading
Processing gain is what gives CDMA systems the robustness against
self-interference that is necessary in order to reuse the available 5 MHz
carrier frequency over geographically close distances.
Examples: Speech service with a bit rate of 12.2 kbps
processing gain 10 log
10
(3.84e6/12.2e3) = 25 dB
For speech service the required SINR is typically in the
order of 5.0 dB, so the required wideband signal-to-
interference ratio (also called carrier-to-interference
ratio, C/I ) is therefore 5.0 dB minus the processing =
-20.0 dB.
In other words, the signal power can be 20 dB under
the interference or thermal noise power, and the
WCDMA receiver can still detect the signal.
Notice: in GSM, a good quality speech connection
requires C/I = 912 dB.

Principle of spreading
16
Principle of spreading
17
001
encoder
1-11-1
-11-11 -11-11 1-11-1
010
encoder
11-1-1
-1-111 11-1-1 -1-111
110
encoder
1-1-11
1-1-11 1-1-11 -111-1
-1 -1 -1 3 1 1 -3 1 -1 -1 3 -1
Spreading
Tri ph v gii tri ph
decoder
11-1-1
1-1-11
1-11-1
-4 -4 4
-4 4 -4
4 4 -4
001
010
110
decoder
decoder
-1-1-13 11-31 -1-13-1
-1-1-13 11-31 -1-13-1
-1-1-13 11-31 -1-13-1
-1 -1 -1 3 1 1 -3 1 -1 -1 3 -1
001
encoder
1-11-1
-11-11 -11-11 1-11-1
010
encoder
11-1-1
-1-111 11-1-1 -1-111
110
encoder
1-1-11
1-1-11 1-1-11 -111-1
-1 -1 -1 3 1 1 -3 1 -1 -1 3 -1
Spreading
De-Spreading
Tri ph v gii tri ph
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 Code1
Data1
-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1 1 Data1*Code1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Code2
Data2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Data2*Code2
0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 0 -1 1 Received data
0 -2 -2 0 2 0 0 2 0 -2 -1 -1 0 0 -1 1 2 0 1 1 Rx*Code1
Data despreaded
0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 0 -1 1 RX*Code2
Data despreaded
-1 0 1
1 0
1 1
-1
-1
1 1
1
1 1 -1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
Channel 2
Channel 1
Rx - Received data ?
Rx * Code1
Data de-spreaded
Rx * Code2
Data de-spreaded
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
-1
-1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 Code1
Data1
-1 1 1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 -1 1 1 -1 0 0 0 0 1 -1 -1 1 Data1*Code1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Code2
Data2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 Data2*Code2
0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 0 -1 1 Received data
0 -2 -2 0 2 0 0 2 0 -2 -1 -1 0 0 -1 1 2 0 1 1 Rx*Code1
Data despreaded
0 2 2 0 2 0 0 2 0 2 1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 0 -1 1 RX*Code2
Data despreaded
-1 0 1
1 0
1 1
-1
-1
1 1
1
1 1 -1 0
1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 1
Channel 2
Channel 1
Rx * Code1
Data de-spreaded
Rx * Code2
Data de-spreaded
1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1
-1
-1 -1 -1
-1 1 1 -1
-1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
0 -2 -2 0 -2 0 2
WCDMA System
WCDMA is the radio interface for UMTS systems
Wide bandwidth, 3.84 Mcps (Megachips per second)
Maps to 5 MHz due to pulse shaping and small guard
bands between the carriers
Users share the same 5 MHz frequency band and time
UL and DL have separate 5 MHz frequency bands
High bit rates
With Release 99 theoretically 2 Mbps both UL and DL
384 kbps highest implemented
Fast Power Control (PC)
=> Reduces the impact of channel fading and minimizes
the interference
Codes in UMTS
Codes in WCDMA
Channelization Codes (=short code)
Codes from different branches of the code tree are orthogonal
Length is dependent on the spreading factor
Used for
channel separation from the single source in downlink
separation of data and control channels from each other in the uplink
Same channelization codes in every cell / mobiles and therefore the additional
scrambling code is needed

Scrambling codes (=long code)
Very long (38400 chips = 10 ms =1 radio frame), many codes available
Does not spread the signal
Uplink: to separate different mobiles
Downlink: to separate different cells
The correlation between two codes (two mobiles/NodeBs) is low
Not fully orthogonal

Codes in UMTS
Channelization
codes separate
different connection
Downlink
Scrambling
codes separate
cells/sectors
Codes in UMTS
Uplink
Channelization
codes separate
data/control
channels
Scrambling codes
separate different
mobiles
Codes in UMTS
Channelization
codes separate
different connection
Downlink
Scrambling
codes separate
cells/sectors
Uplink
Channelization
codes separate
data/control
channels
Scrambling codes
separate different
mobiles
Codes in UMTS
Channelization Codes (=short codes)
Defines how many chips are used to spread a
single information bit and thus determines the
end bit rate
Length is referred as spreading factor
Used for:
Downlink: Separation of downlink connections to different users within one cell
Uplink: Separation of data and control channels from same terminal
Same channelization codes in every cell /
mobiles
additional scrambling code is needed
Codes in UMTS
Scrambling codes (=long codes)
Very long (38400 chips), many codes available
Does not spread the signal
Used for
Downlink: to separate different cells/sectors
Uplink: to separate different mobiles
The correlation between two codes (two
mobiles/NodeBs) is low

Codes used
30
31
Codes and their Use
Codes in WCDMA
The relation between downlink physical layer bit rates and codes
DPDCH : Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor Codes
Recursive rule

( )
( )
1
2
2
(0) 1
(2 1) ( ), ( )
( )
(2 ) ( ), ( )
N N N
N
N N N
C
C i C i C i
C i
C i C i C i
=
=

1
11
1-1
1111
11-1-1
1-1-11
1-11-1
C1(1)
C2(1)
C2(2)
C4(1)
C4(2)
C4(3)
C4(4)
OVSF code
Channelisation code generation process
An example of the generation of two channelisation codes
An example of the generation of two channelisation codes
The orthogonality
property of Walsh codes
The orthogonality property
of different length OVSF codes
The cross correlation of two
different Walsh codes with a non-zero offset
An example cross correlation function of two
eight-chip Walsh codes
The cross correlation of codes
from the same branch of the
code tree
Channelisation code
allocation rules
An example
autocorrelation
function of a
Walsh code
The autocorrelation correlation properties of scrambling
codes
The cross correlation properties of scrambling codes