Wireline Logging

Resistivity & SP Tools

Overview
Formation: Reservoir quality Fluid: Oil, Gas or Water? Borehole: Environmental factors

Formation Properties

Radioactivity Porosity Grain density Pore Size Stratigraphy Bedding, Dip Sonic Velocity Seismic Velocity

Fluid Properties

Salinity (Resistivity) Density Saturation Pressure Temperature Viscosity Mobility Bubble Point

Borehole Properties
Depth Caliper Spontaneous Potential Temperature Cable Tension Deviation, Azimuth

Basic Resistivity
Resistivity (Ohms) = Voltage / Current Archies Equation:
(a/porositym x Rw / Rt)1/n

Formation Resistivity

Rmc Rxo

Rs Rt Rw Sw

Rmf Sxo

tmc - mud cake thickness Rm

Di

Mud Invasion

Resistivity Logging
Electrode type tools (resistivity)
Laterolog Micro Speherically Focused (MSFL)

Induction Tools (conductivity)

Dual Induction/HRI Array Induction Tools

Conductivity = 1/Resistivity

Electrode Type Tools

Force (AC) current between two (or more)

electrodes. Measure voltage between two intermediate electrodes. Force current to flow in zone of interest by using bucking currents. Do not work in non conductive muds such as OBM. Can give extremely high resolution and depth of investigation.

Laterolog Principle

Bucking Currents

Dual Laterolog Tools

Two depths of investigation LLD and LLS Deep current returns to a surface
electrode. Insulated bridle to give a far deep voltage reference. Normally run together with MSFL to give Rxo.

MSFL Principle

MSFL Tool
Pad based tool, similar to density. Pad is kept in contact by a caliper. Pad uses a spherical pattern of bucking
currents to focus measure current. Can be affected by hole rugosity. Pad is rubber and can be damaged.

Induction Principles

Dual Induction Tools

Two coil arrays emit a high frequency signal to excite

the formation. The formation current generates a weak seconday signal which is detected by receiver coils. Strong direct signal from transmitter is (approx) 90 deg out of phase with formation signal. Formation signal is focused by combination of coils in array and by source receiver spacing. Reading will be compromised by highly conductive (saline) water based muds. Normally poorer vertical resolution and depth of investigation than laterolog tools.

Array Induction tools

Large number of simpler coils at many different

spacings. The data from all the coils at different frequencies and phases is used at surface to compute focused Resistivity readings. Depths of investigation and vertical resolution become software selectable. Can be focussed as close as 10 horizontally and 12 vertically. More sensitive to erratic tool motion.

SP Physics

Spontaneous Potential

One of the first wireline measurements. Can be used to identify sand, shale, Vcl Can be used to derive Rw Based on the contrast between Rmf and Rw. Chlorine ions are more mobile than Sodium (NaCl) and migrate from the lower resistivity zone to the higher. This creates a polarisation.

SP Operational Limitations
Only works in conductive muds. If Rmf > Rw looks similar to GR. In opposite case polarity is reversed. Requires a downhole electrode (laterolog

bridle) and surface electode. Can be compromised by electrical noise (welding etc) or magnetised cable drums.

SP Log

Resistivity Test 1
1. Which three of the following are normally measured in
2. 3. 4.
the invaded zone: Rw, Sxo, Rxo, Rt, Rmf, Sw? In a fresh mud system where Rmf>Rw the deep resistivity would normally be (HIGHER/LOWER) than the shallow? What is the definition of conductivity? Name the tool types that are normally referred to as electrode type tools. On electrode type tools why do we not normally measure voltage at the same electrodes as the current flows to/from?

5.

Resistivity Test 2
6. How to we focus the current to flow in the
zone of interest? 7. On a laterolog tool where do the shallow and deep currents flow to? 8. Why does a laterolog use an insulated bridle? 9. What other tool is normally run in combination? 10.Which of the following tools has a built in caliper? (Array Induction, Dual Laterolog, MSFL, Dual Induction)

Resistivity Test 3
11. Name two factors that can affect the MSFL reading. 12. Why does the formation signal for an induction tool 13.
14.
not get swamped by the direct signal from the transmitter coil? Induction tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive). Laterolog type tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive). MSFL type tools work best in which mud type (Saline/Non Conductive).

15.

Resistivity Test 4
16. SP is an acronym for what borehole property? 17. The SP measures a voltage or a current? 18. The SP system uses 2 electrodes where are
they located. 19. If the SP deflects in the same direction as the GR is Rmf greater or less than Rw? 20. Name two causes of bad SP logs.