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1
Define IT infrastructure and describe its
components.
Describe how information is represented and
processed in a computer system.
Assess contemporary computer hardware
platform trends.
Compare the major input and output devices
and approaches to input and processing.
Evaluate the challenges of managing IT
infrastructure and management solutions.
2
3
It consists of a set of physical devices and
software applications that are required to
operate the entire enterprise.
It is also a set of firmwide services budgeted
by management and comprising both human
and technical capabilities.
It provide various types of services in various
departments for an organization, such as…
4
Computing platforms used to provide
communications among the employees,
customers and suppliers through desktop
computers, mainframes and Internet
appliances.
Telecommunications services that provide
voice, data, and video connectivity
Data management services that store and
manage corporate data and provide capabilities
for analyzing the data
Application software services that provide
enterprise-wide capabilities such as enterprise
resource planning, customer relationship
management, supply chain management, etc. 5
IT management services that plan and develop
the infrastructure, coordinate with the business
units for IT services, manage accounting for
the IT expenditure
IT education services that provide training in
system use to employees offer managers
training in how to plan for and manage IT
investments.
IT research and development services that
provide the firm with research on potential
future IT projects and investments that could
help the firm differentiate itself in the 6
Computer hardware platforms – mainframe
server, storage, chips, desktop machines
Computer software platforms – operating
system: Unix, & Linux, Enterprise Software
Applications
Data management and storage
Networking/Telecommunications platforms
Internet platforms – web host server
Consulting and system integration services –
provide some skill advice in computing and
make sure new infrastructure works with the
7
existing system.
8
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Primary storage
Secondary storage
Input devices
Output devices
Communication devices
SNA 9
• Magnetic disk
Secondary
Communication Storage •Optical disk
Devices
•Magnetic tape
•Keyboard
•Printers
•Mouse
Input Output devices •Video display
•Touch screen Devices terminals
•Source data •Plotter
automation SNA 10
•Audio output
Interprets and carries out basic instructions
that operate a computer
Also called
the processor
CPU
CU
ALU
CLOCK CPU
REGISTER
Control Arithmeti
Unit c/
Logic
Unit
(ALU)
Directs and coordinates
operations in computer
Control unit repeats
four basic operations:
Fetch - obtain program
Control Unit instruction or data item
from memory
Decode - translate
instruction into commands
Execute - carry out
command
Store - write result to
memory
Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine
cycle
Also called instruction cycle
• Instruction time (i-time) - time taken to fetch and
• decode
Execution time (e-time) - time taken to execute
and store
e-time i-time
2. Decode Instruction 3. Place into instruction register
I-Cycle
Decoder
4. Place into address
1. Fetch instruction register
Instruction
register
Address
Register
8. Send result to 5. Send data from main
accumulator Memory to storage register
Storage
Register
E-cycle
Accumulator
Student
enters math
problem (100
x 52) into
computer’s
memory
Result in
memory
displays on
monitor’s
screen
❖ CPU
componen Comparison
t that (greater than,
performs equal to, or less
execution than)
part of the
d .
machine
cycle . a n
Arithmetic
.or. .not.
Logical
(addition,
subtraction, (AND, OR,
multiplication, and NOT)
division)
Temporar
y storage
area that Stores Stores
holds instruction results of
data and while it is calculation
instructio being
ns decoded
Stores
location from Stores data
where while ALU
instruction processes it
was fetched
Primary Storage
Part of computer that temporarily stores
program instructions and data being used by
the instructor
3 functions :
3. Stores all or part of the program that is being
executed
4. Its stores the OS programs that manage the
operation of the computer
5. Holds data that the program is using
Internal primary storage – RAM because it
directly access any randomly chosen location
in the same amount of time
ROM – can only be read from it cannot be
written
to. SNA 19
Microprocessor – very large scale
circuit technology that integrates the
computer’s memory, logic and control
on a single chip
The speed and performance of
computer microprocessor help
determine a computer processing
power
SNA 20
Word length – number of bits that computer can
process at one time. Larger the word length, the
greater computer speed
eg: 16-bits, 32-bits, or 64-bits
SNA 21
Coprocessor
Additional processor that enhances performance by
performing specific tasks to free the CPU for other
processing activities
Parallel processing
Type of processing in which more than one instruction
can be processed at a time by breaking down a problem
into smaller parts and processing them simultaneously
with multiple processors
Massive Parallel Processing
Computers that use hundred or thousands of processing
chips to attack large computing problems simultaneously
SNA 22
Program
Program
Task 1
CPU
CPU CPU CPU CPU
Result Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4
Program
Task 2
Result
CPU
SNA 24
Data are stored by means of magnetized
spots on a hard or floppy disk
2 kinds of magnetic disk
Floppy Disk
Removable magnetic disk storage primarily used with
PC’s
Hard Disk
Magnetic disk resembling a thin metallic platter used
in large computer systems and in most PCs
RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disk) : disk
storage technology to boost up disk performance
SNA 25
CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read-only Memory),
WORM (Write Once/Read Many) and CD-R
(Compact Disk-Recordable) , DVD
CD-ROM : read-only optical disk storage used for
imaging
WORM : optical disk system that allows users to
record data only once; data cannot be erased but
can be read indefinitely
CD-R: optical disk system that allow individuals
and organizations to record their own CD-ROMs
DVD (Digital video Disk) : high-capacity, optical
storage medium that can store full-length videos
and large amounts of data
SNA 26
Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium
in which large volumes of information are
stored sequentially
SNA 27
1. Pointing Devices
Mouse – computer handheld input device
Touch screen –input device technology that
permits the entering commands and data by
touching the surface
2. Source Data Automation
Input technology that captures data in
computer-readable form at the time and
place the data are created
SNA 28
Eg : POS, Optical bar code scanners
OCR – translate specially designed marks,
characters and codes into digital form. Eg:
Barcode
MICR- Banking industry-translates
characters written in magnetic ink into
digital codes for processing
Pen-based input devices – consist of flat-
screen display tablet and a pen like stylus
that digitizes handwriting
Digital scanners – translates images such as
pictures or documents into digital form for
processing
Voice input devices-convert spoken words
into digital form for processing by the
computer
Sensors- devices that collect
SNA data directly 29
from the environment for input into a
Batch processing
A method of collecting and processing data in
which transactions are accumulated and stored
until a specified time when its convenient or
necessary to process then as a group
Online Processing
A method of collecting and processing data in
which transactions are entered directly into the
computer system and processed immediately
SNA 30
Transaction file
Contains all transactions for a particular time
period. The file is used to update master file
Master File
Contains permanent information on entities and
its updated during processing by transaction
data.
Eg : Payroll master file
SNA 31
CRT (video display terminal (VDT) that provides a
visual image of both users input and computer
output
Printers and Plotters
Printers – a computer output device that
provides paper hard-copy output in the form of
text or graphics
Plotters – Output device using multi-colored
pens to draw high-quality graphic documents
Other Output Devices – voice output device, a
converter of digital output data into spoken words
SNA 32
Multimedia
Integration of 2 or > types of media such as
text, graphics, sound, voice, full-motion video,
animation into computer-based application
Video and audio clips
Streaming technology : technology for
transferring data so that they can be processed
as a steady and continuous stream as they are
downloaded from WEB
SNA 33
5 categories of computers:
Personal computers – computer that can
perform DPC activities by itself.
a. Desktop Computers – designed so that the system
unit, input, output and other devices fit entirely on
or under a desk or table
b. Notebook/Laptop Computers- portable, small
enough to fit on your lap
SNA 34
1. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices.
Mobile computer
PC that you can carry form place to place
Mobile device
Computing device small enough to hold in your hand
SNA 35
3. Midrange Servers
Powerful and larger than a workstation computer
Support several 100 and a few 1000 connected
computers at the same time
Stores data and programs less powerful than mainframe
4. Mainframes
Large, expensive, very powerful comp that can handle
’00, ‘000 of connected user simultaneously
Stores tremendous data, instructions and information
Large companies such as banks, airlines, insurance
companies uses mainframes
SNA 36
5. Supercomputers
Fastest, most powerful computer and most
expensive
Eg : Sophisticated mathematical calculations,
aerospace, automotive design, forecasting
SNA 37
Distributed processing – multiple computers
linked by a communications network for
processing work
Centralized processing – processing that
accomplish by one large central computer
Client/server computing – a model for
computing that splits processing between ‘clients’
and ‘servers’ on a network, assigning functions to
the machine most able to perform the function
Client – user point-of-entry for the required
function and is normally a desktop computer,
workstation, laptop computer
SNA 38
Server – provides the client with services,
mainframes. It stores and process shared data
and also perform back-end functions not
visible to users
Downsizing - Process of transferring
applications from large computers to smaller
ones
SNA 39
Network computers (NC)
Simplified desktop computer that does not store
software programs or data permanently.
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
The total cost of owning technology resources,
includes initial purchase costs, the cost of
hardware and software upgrades, maintenance,
technical support and training
SNA 40
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