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CHAPTER 3:

IT Infrastructure and Information


Processing

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Define IT infrastructure and describe its
components.
Describe how information is represented and
processed in a computer system.
Assess contemporary computer hardware
platform trends.
Compare the major input and output devices
and approaches to input and processing.
Evaluate the challenges of managing IT
infrastructure and management solutions.

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3
It consists of a set of physical devices and
software applications that are required to
operate the entire enterprise.
It is also a set of firmwide services budgeted
by management and comprising both human
and technical capabilities.
It provide various types of services in various
departments for an organization, such as…

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Computing platforms used to provide
communications among the employees,
customers and suppliers through desktop
computers, mainframes and Internet
appliances.
Telecommunications services that provide
voice, data, and video connectivity
Data management services that store and
manage corporate data and provide capabilities
for analyzing the data
Application software services that provide
enterprise-wide capabilities such as enterprise
resource planning, customer relationship
management, supply chain management, etc. 5
IT management services that plan and develop
the infrastructure, coordinate with the business
units for IT services, manage accounting for
the IT expenditure
IT education services that provide training in
system use to employees offer managers
training in how to plan for and manage IT
investments.
IT research and development services that
provide the firm with research on potential
future IT projects and investments that could
help the firm differentiate itself in the 6
Computer hardware platforms – mainframe
server, storage, chips, desktop machines
Computer software platforms – operating
system: Unix, & Linux, Enterprise Software
Applications
Data management and storage
Networking/Telecommunications platforms
Internet platforms – web host server
Consulting and system integration services –
provide some skill advice in computing and
make sure new infrastructure works with the
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existing system.
8
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
Primary storage
Secondary storage
Input devices
Output devices
Communication devices

SNA 9
• Magnetic disk
Secondary
Communication Storage •Optical disk
Devices
•Magnetic tape

Central BUSES Primary


Processing Storage
Unit (CPU)

•Keyboard
•Printers
•Mouse
Input Output devices •Video display
•Touch screen Devices terminals
•Source data •Plotter
automation SNA 10
•Audio output
 Interprets and carries out basic instructions
that operate a computer
 Also called
the processor

CPU
 CU
ALU
CLOCK CPU
REGISTER

Control Arithmeti
Unit c/
Logic
Unit
(ALU)
 Directs and coordinates
operations in computer
Control unit repeats
four basic operations:
 Fetch - obtain program
Control Unit instruction or data item
from memory
 Decode - translate
instruction into commands
 Execute - carry out
command
 Store - write result to
memory
 Four operations of the CPU comprise a machine
cycle
 Also called instruction cycle
• Instruction time (i-time) - time taken to fetch and
• decode
Execution time (e-time) - time taken to execute
and store
e-time i-time
2. Decode Instruction 3. Place into instruction register

I-Cycle
Decoder
4. Place into address
1. Fetch instruction register
Instruction
register

Address
Register
8. Send result to 5. Send data from main
accumulator Memory to storage register
Storage
Register

E-cycle
Accumulator

7. ALU performs 5. Cmd ALU to perform


desired operation Desired operation
15
An example of a machine
cycle 100 x 52

Student
enters math
problem (100
x 52) into
computer’s
memory
Result in
memory
displays on
monitor’s
screen
❖ CPU
componen Comparison
t that (greater than,
performs equal to, or less
execution than)
part of the
d .
machine
cycle . a n
Arithmetic
.or. .not.
Logical
(addition,
subtraction, (AND, OR,
multiplication, and NOT)
division)
 Temporar
y storage
area that Stores Stores
holds instruction results of
data and while it is calculation
instructio being
ns decoded
Stores
location from Stores data
where while ALU
instruction processes it
was fetched
 Primary Storage
 Part of computer that temporarily stores
program instructions and data being used by
the instructor
 3 functions :
3. Stores all or part of the program that is being
executed
4. Its stores the OS programs that manage the
operation of the computer
5. Holds data that the program is using
Internal primary storage – RAM because it
directly access any randomly chosen location
in the same amount of time
ROM – can only be read from it cannot be
written
to. SNA 19
Microprocessor – very large scale
circuit technology that integrates the
computer’s memory, logic and control
on a single chip
The speed and performance of
computer microprocessor help
determine a computer processing
power

SNA 20
 Word length – number of bits that computer can
process at one time. Larger the word length, the
greater computer speed
eg: 16-bits, 32-bits, or 64-bits

 Megahertz – A measure of cycle speeds, or the pacing of


events in a computer; one megahertz equals to one
million cycles per second

 Data Bus width – The number of bits that can be moved


at one time between the CPU, primary storage, and other
devices of a computer

SNA 21
 Coprocessor
 Additional processor that enhances performance by
performing specific tasks to free the CPU for other
processing activities
 Parallel processing
 Type of processing in which more than one instruction
can be processed at a time by breaking down a problem
into smaller parts and processing them simultaneously
with multiple processors
 Massive Parallel Processing
 Computers that use hundred or thousands of processing
chips to attack large computing problems simultaneously

SNA 22
Program
Program

Task 1
CPU
CPU CPU CPU CPU
Result Task 1 Task 2 Task 3 Task 4
Program

Task 2
Result
CPU

Result Parallel Processing

Sequential Processing SNA 23


 Relatively long-term, nonvolatile storage data
outside CPU and primary storage
 It retains data even when the computer is
turned off
 Kinds of secondary storage
 magnetic disk
 optical disk
 magnetic tape

SNA 24
Data are stored by means of magnetized
spots on a hard or floppy disk
2 kinds of magnetic disk
 Floppy Disk
 Removable magnetic disk storage primarily used with
PC’s
 Hard Disk
 Magnetic disk resembling a thin metallic platter used
in large computer systems and in most PCs
 RAID (redundant array of inexpensive disk) : disk
storage technology to boost up disk performance

SNA 25
 CD-Rom (Compact Disk Read-only Memory),
WORM (Write Once/Read Many) and CD-R
(Compact Disk-Recordable) , DVD
 CD-ROM : read-only optical disk storage used for
imaging
 WORM : optical disk system that allows users to
record data only once; data cannot be erased but
can be read indefinitely
 CD-R: optical disk system that allow individuals
and organizations to record their own CD-ROMs
 DVD (Digital video Disk) : high-capacity, optical
storage medium that can store full-length videos
and large amounts of data

SNA 26
Inexpensive, older secondary-storage medium
in which large volumes of information are
stored sequentially

SNA 27
1. Pointing Devices
 Mouse – computer handheld input device
 Touch screen –input device technology that
permits the entering commands and data by
touching the surface
2. Source Data Automation
 Input technology that captures data in
computer-readable form at the time and
place the data are created

SNA 28
Eg : POS, Optical bar code scanners
OCR – translate specially designed marks,
characters and codes into digital form. Eg:
Barcode
MICR- Banking industry-translates
characters written in magnetic ink into
digital codes for processing
Pen-based input devices – consist of flat-
screen display tablet and a pen like stylus
that digitizes handwriting
Digital scanners – translates images such as
pictures or documents into digital form for
processing
Voice input devices-convert spoken words
into digital form for processing by the
computer
Sensors- devices that collect
SNA data directly 29
from the environment for input into a
Batch processing
 A method of collecting and processing data in
which transactions are accumulated and stored
until a specified time when its convenient or
necessary to process then as a group
Online Processing
 A method of collecting and processing data in
which transactions are entered directly into the
computer system and processed immediately

SNA 30
 Transaction file
 Contains all transactions for a particular time
period. The file is used to update master file
 Master File
 Contains permanent information on entities and
its updated during processing by transaction
data.
 Eg : Payroll master file

SNA 31
 CRT (video display terminal (VDT) that provides a
visual image of both users input and computer
output
 Printers and Plotters
 Printers – a computer output device that
provides paper hard-copy output in the form of
text or graphics
 Plotters – Output device using multi-colored
pens to draw high-quality graphic documents
 Other Output Devices – voice output device, a
converter of digital output data into spoken words

SNA 32
 Multimedia
 Integration of 2 or > types of media such as
text, graphics, sound, voice, full-motion video,
animation into computer-based application
 Video and audio clips
 Streaming technology : technology for
transferring data so that they can be processed
as a steady and continuous stream as they are
downloaded from WEB

SNA 33
 5 categories of computers:
Personal computers – computer that can
perform DPC activities by itself.
a. Desktop Computers – designed so that the system
unit, input, output and other devices fit entirely on
or under a desk or table
b. Notebook/Laptop Computers- portable, small
enough to fit on your lap

SNA 34
1. Mobile Computers and Mobile Devices.
 Mobile computer
PC that you can carry form place to place

Notebook Computer/Laptop Computers


Tablet PC-special designed notebook computer allows you to
write on the screen using digital pen
Handheld Computers- computer small enough to fit in 1 hand
while you operate it with the other hand.
Eg: Meter reader and parcel delivery ppl

 Mobile device
Computing device small enough to hold in your hand

a) PDA - lightweight mobile devices


b) Smart Phones –Web-enabled telephone allows you to send
and receive email and access to internet

SNA 35
3. Midrange Servers
 Powerful and larger than a workstation computer
 Support several 100 and a few 1000 connected
computers at the same time
 Stores data and programs less powerful than mainframe

4. Mainframes
 Large, expensive, very powerful comp that can handle
’00, ‘000 of connected user simultaneously
 Stores tremendous data, instructions and information
 Large companies such as banks, airlines, insurance
companies uses mainframes

SNA 36
5. Supercomputers
 Fastest, most powerful computer and most
expensive
 Eg : Sophisticated mathematical calculations,
aerospace, automotive design, forecasting

SNA 37
 Distributed processing – multiple computers
linked by a communications network for
processing work
 Centralized processing – processing that
accomplish by one large central computer
 Client/server computing – a model for
computing that splits processing between ‘clients’
and ‘servers’ on a network, assigning functions to
the machine most able to perform the function
 Client – user point-of-entry for the required
function and is normally a desktop computer,
workstation, laptop computer

SNA 38
Server – provides the client with services,
mainframes. It stores and process shared data
and also perform back-end functions not
visible to users
Downsizing - Process of transferring
applications from large computers to smaller
ones

SNA 39
Network computers (NC)
 Simplified desktop computer that does not store
software programs or data permanently.
Total cost of ownership (TCO)
 The total cost of owning technology resources,
includes initial purchase costs, the cost of
hardware and software upgrades, maintenance,
technical support and training

SNA 40
ANY QUESTIONS???

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