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Determining IP Routes

Introducing Routing

2004 Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved.

ICND v2.23-2

What Is Routing ?

To route, a router needs to do the following:

Discover the connected networks . Select the best paths (routes) to these networks. Maintain and verify routing information using a routing table.
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Routing table

Routing table contains the best paths discovered by a routing protocol

Routing Protocol Vs. Routed Protocol

Routing protocols are used between routers to determine paths and maintain routing tables. ex. RIP , OSPF , EIGRP Once the path is determined, a router can route a routed protocol which support the method of data delivery. ex. IP , IPX , APPLETALK

Routing Protocols

Static Route a route (path) that a network administrator enters into the router manually

Dynamic Route a route (path) that a network routing protocol discovers automatically and adjusted when topology changes
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Routing Protocols
Static
Direct connected Static Default route route IGP Distance vector (RIPv1 , IGRP)

Dynamic
EGP (EGP , BGP) Hybrid (EIGRP , RIPv2)

Link state (OSPF , ISIS)

Autonomous Systems: Interior or Exterior Routing Protocols

An autonomous system is a collection of networks under a common administrative domain. IGPs operate within an autonomous system. EGPs connect different autonomous systems.
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Routing table creation

Routing table contains only the decisions of the best routing protocol and the best paths to reach networks. - The best routing protocol is elected based on its administrative distance. - The best paths depend on its metric

Administrative Distance
it is a value between ( 0 255 ) that reflects the truthfulness of routing protocol (the best protocol has the least admin. distance)

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Selecting the Best Route with Metrics

- The best path has the least metric.
- each routing protocol use a metric type (hop count , BW , delay , load , reliability , MTU)

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Static routing protocol

1- Direct connected networks :
- Direct connected networks are automatically detected by the router without configuration - symbol in routing table is C - admin. Distance = 0
10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0

C 10.0.0.0 C 11.0.0.0

C 11.0.0.0 C 12.0.0.0

C 12.0.0.0 C 13.0.0.0
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Static routing protocol

2- Static route :
- manually you can define a path to reach a certain network - symbol in routing table is S - admin. Distance = 1
192.168.1.0/24

Internet
12.0.0.1/8 12.0.0.2/8

192.168.1.0

S0 12.0.0.2
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OR

192.168.1.0

Static routing protocol

3- Default route :
- This route allows the stub network to reach all known networks beyond router A (gateway of last resort) - symbol in routing table is S*
192.168.1.0/24

Internet

S0 12.0.0.1/8 12.0.0.2/8

12.0.0.1

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Displaying the routing table

router# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate default U - per-user static route Gateway of last resort is 0.0.0.0 to network 0.0.0.0

C S*

12.0.0.0 is directly connected, Serial0 0.0.0.0/0 is directly connected, Serial0

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Dynamic routing protocols

Distance Vector Routing Protocols :
- each router detects its direct connected networks and form its initial routing table - routers pass periodic copies of routing table to neighbor routers and learn the best paths to all networks ( the paths with the least metric ) and form the final routing table (convergence) - after convergence periodic updates (full routing table) are sent to indicate any change in the topology .

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Distance Vector Routing Protocols

10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0

10.0.0.0 11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0

11.0.0.0 12.0.0.0 13.0.0.0 10.0.0.0

12.0.0.0

13.0.0.0
11.0.0.0 10.0.0.0
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Routing loops
- when network 10.0.0.0 fails , router A will mark its metric by 16 (a max. hop count value to avoid counting to infinity) and send its routing table to B after the periodic interval. - before B sends its periodic update to C , router C sent its routing table to B containing a path to 10.0.0.0 with a better metric so B think that 10.0.0.0 can be reached by C while C depends on B for that so loop occurs .
10.0.0.0

10.0.0.0

E0

16 down

10.0.0.0 10.0.0.0

S0 S1

16 3

10.0.0.0

S0

2
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Routing loops solutions

1- Split Horizon :
route learned from an interface can not be sent back on the same interface
10.0.0.0

10.0.0.0

E0

16 down

10.0.0.0

S0

16

10.0.0.0

S0

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Routing loops solutions

2- Route Poisoning , Poison Reverse :
10.0.0.0
Poison route

Poison reverse

10.0.0.0

E0

16 down

10.0.0.0

S0 down

10.0.0.0

S0

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Routing loops solutions

3- Hold-down Timers :
- router that informed with a failed route dont accept any update about it for a time equal to the hold down timer so by the end of the timer all routers would know that route failed ( it is useful in flapping networks ). - hold finish if : The hold-down timer expires. Another update is received with a better metric.
10.0.0.0

10.0.0.0
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Routing loops solutions

4- Triggered Updates :
instead of sending updates after a time interval , router sends the update as soon as a route fails or any change occurs so other routers immediately modify their routing tables ( this is the most used solution ).

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Properties of Distance Vector Routing Protocols

- simple configuration - low processing / memory usage - bandwidth waste due to the periodic updates - unreliable (no ack. for the protocol messages) - updates are sent broadcast on all active interfaces so it may affect the hosts PCs - classful : do not include the subnet mask with the route advertisement and often sends a summary routes - These are examples of distance vector protocols: RIP version 1 (RIPv1) IGRP 23

RIP v1
- distance vector routing protocol - symbol in routing table is R - admin. Distance = 120 - metric is hop count , metric 16 means unreachable - full routing tables are flooded in the network till convergence occurs (use Bellman Ford algorithm) - after convergence , periodic updates are sent every 30 seconds , hold down timer = 180 sec - at change , triggered update is sent - support load balancing if many paths to the same network exist with an equal metric (maximum is six paths , default = 4) 24 - classful

RIP Configuration
Router(config)#router rip

- Starts the RIP routing process

Router(config-router)#network direct connected network

- Advertise about the connected networks

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RIP Configuration Example

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Verifying the RIP Configuration

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Displaying the IP Routing Table

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debug ip rip Command

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IGRP
- distance vector routing protocol - Cisco proprietary - symbol in routing table is I - admin. Distance is 100 - metric is composite (bandwidth , delay by default) while (load , reliability , MTU) can be used , maximum hop count is 255 (more scalable) - full routing tables are flooded in the network till convergence occurs (use Bellman Ford algorithm) - after convergence , periodic updates are sent every 90 seconds , hold down timer = 270 sec - at change , triggered update is sent - support load balancing if many paths to the same network exist even if they have unequal metric (maximum is six paths , default = 4) - classful 30

Configuring IGRP

Router(config)# router igrp autonomous-system

Defines IGRP as the IP routing protocol

Router(config-router)#network network-number

Advertise the attached networks

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IGRP Configuration Example

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Unequal load balancing

Router(config)# router igrp autonomous-system

Router(config-router)# variance multiplier

Controls IGRP load balancing

Router(config-router)# traffic-share {balanced | min}

Controls how load-balanced traffic is distributed

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Verifying the IGRP Configuration

Displaying the IP Routing Table

debug ip igrp transaction Command

debug ip igrp events Command

RouterA#debug ip igrp events IGRP event debugging is on RouterA# 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Ethernet0 (172.16.1.1) 00:23:44: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 2 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:44: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2 00:23:44: IGRP: sending update to 255.255.255.255 via Serial2 (10.1.1.1) 00:23:45: IGRP: Update contains 0 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:45: IGRP: Total routes in update: 1 00:23:48: IGRP: received update from 10.1.1.2 on Serial2 00:23:48: IGRP: Update contains 1 interior, 1 system, and 0 exterior routes. 00:23:48: IGRP: Total routes in update: 2