HEAT FLOW AND ITS EFFECT

Heat flow from one place to another (from warmer object to cooler one) Flow in different ways: Conduction- a solid which is heated cause the molecules at the bottom to vibrate energetically. collide at the neighbouring molecules. pass the heat from one molecule to the next. Convection- flow of heat through liquid or gas. Radiation- heat energy travels through an empty space or a vacuum. - ex: transfer of heat from sun to the earth through empty space.

HEAT FLOW IN NATURAL PHENOMENA

Warming of the earth by sun. day time- earth surface is warmed up night time- energy is radiated back into space as radiant heat energy Land and sea breezes -unequal heating of air over land and water will result in breezes near the shores. during the day both land and sea are heated by sun. land gets heated up faster than sea. the air above the land surface heats up, expand and rises. to replace the rising air, cooler air is drawn in from the surface of the sea. at night, the land cools faster than the sea. the air over the warmer surface of sea heats up and rises, pulling in air from the cooler land surface to replace it.

HEAT CONDUCTOR AND HEAT INSULATOR

Conductors allow the heat to pass through them rapidly. Insulators does not allow heat to pass through. Conductors Insulators

Mercury Silver Copper Aluminium Zinc Iron Lead

Uses Cooking utensils -Conduct heat quickly and easily to the food and save fuels. Electrical appliances heat sinks that are used in computers, disc drives and televisions as cooling fins are made of aluminium. Radiator coils and cooling fins behind the refrigerator are made of copper. Soldering iron rods are made of iron with copper tips.

Glass Air Water Plastics Rubber Wood

Uses Wood/plastics- protect hands from hot surfaces. Cork, asbestos sheets - to prevent table tops from being damaged by hot kitchen ware. Sawdust- to cover ice blocks to slow down the melting process. Woollen blanket or cloth- used to keep the body warm on cold days by preventing het loss from body.

THE EFFECT OF HEAT ON MATTER

 Physical state of matter can be changed by heating or cooling. Melting point- solid state ----> liquid state Freezing point- liquid phase ----> solid phase Evaporation / boiling (boiling point)- liquid state ----> gaseous state Condensation- gaseous state ----> liquid state Sublimation- solid state ----> vapour state vapour state ----> solid state ex: solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) and iodine crystals- sublime when heated. Application of changes of state of matter: a glass of cold drink with ice----> melting drying fish from the heat of the Sun----> evaporation mothballs----> sublimation

APPLICATION OF EXPANSION AND CONTRACTION OF MATTER

Expansion- increase in the size of objects when they are hot. Contraction- decrease in the size of object when they are cooled. Application:
Mercury in a thermometer change in temperature cause the liquid metal (mercury) to expand and contract. gap in railway tracks- to allow for expansion on hot days. overhead cables- sag in hot weather and tighten during a cold night. fitting a metal tyre onto a metal wheel- metallic wheels of train fitted with metal tyres (slightly smaller than wheel).
the tyre is heated uniformly and the resulting expansion enables the tyre to be slipped over the wheel