TYPES OF CAMERA

PREPARED BY : HUDA MANSOR SARENYAH SIVABALAN SYAQIRAH SHARIFUDDIN NURUL ASYIQIN ASMADI NUR FARAHIN JASNI SITI NOR MAHANIZA CHE MANSOR

A camera has a few simple components: A light tight box Aperture A hole through which light enters the camera. Shutter A way to control how long light enters the box. Lens A way of focusing light for a sharp image. Viewfinder A way to aim the camera. Film Holder A way to hold the film in the correct place to receive the focused light.

A pinhole camera is the most basic image forming device in photography. It is a direct descendant of the camera obscura, (Latin for darkroom).

Light entering a small hole in a darkened room produces an inverted image on the opposite wall. It was used initially to view solar eclipses, but by the seventeenth century the process was made portable by fitting a lens to one end of a box and using a sheet of glass at the opposite end to view the image. A mirror inserted inside at a 45 degree angle would reverse the image, giving the viewer a corrected orientation.

An Example, the Pin-hole Camera

One of the most familiar imaging devices is a pin-hole camera.
a b

The object is magnified and inverted.

object function source

pin-hole

image

Distortions of a Pin-hole Camera Even as simple a device as the pin-hole camera has distortions Limited field of view due to the finite thickness of the screen

As the object becomes too large, the ray approaches the pin-hole too steeply to make it through.

object function source

pin-hole

image

Twin-lens reflex camera

A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objective lenses of the same focal length. One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lens that takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system, which is usually viewed from above at waist level. In addition to the objective, the viewfinder consists of a 45-degree mirror (the reason for the word reflex in the name), a matte focusing screen at the top of the camera, and a pop-up hood surrounding it. The two objectives are connected, so that the focus shown on the focusing screen will be exactly the same as on the film. However, many inexpensive TLRs are fixed-focus models. Most TLRs use leaf shutters with shutter speeds up to 1/500th sec with a B setting. For practical purposes, all TLRs are film cameras, most often using 120 film, although there are many examples which used other formats. No general-purpose

Features

Higher-end TLRs may have a pop-up magnifying glass to assist the user in focusing the camera. In addition, many have a "sports finder" consisting of a square hole punched in the back of the pop-up hood, and a knock-out in the front. Photographers can sight through these instead of using the matte screen. This is especially useful in tracking moving subjects such as animals or race cars, since the image on the matte screen is reversed left-to-right. It is nearly impossible to accurately judge composition with such an arrangement

Many TLRs used front and back cut-outs in the hinged top hood to provide a quickaction finder for sports and action photography. Late model Rollei Rolleiflex TLRs introduced the widely-copied additional feature of a second-mirror "sports finder". When the hinged front hood knock-out is moved to the sports finder position a secondary mirror swings down over the view screen to reflect the image to a secondary magnifier on the back of the hood, just below the direct view cutout. This permits precise focusing while using the sports finder feature. The magnified central image is reversed both top-tobottom and left-to-right. This feature made Rolleis the leading choice for press photographers during the 1940s to 1960s

Film formats The typical TLR is medium format, using 120 roll film with square 66 cm images. Presently, the Chinese Seagull Camera is still in production along with Lomography's Lubitel, but in the past, many manufacturers made them. The Ciro-flex produced by Ciro Cameras Inc. rose dramatically in popularity due in large part to the inability to obtain the German Rollei TLRs during World War II. The Ciro-flex was widely accessible, inexpensive, and produced high quality images.[12] Models with the Mamiya, Minolta and Yashica brands are common on the used-camera market, and many other companies made TLRs that are now classics. The Mamiya C series TLRs had interchangeable lenses, allowing focal lengths from 55mm (wide angle) to 250mm (telephoto) to be used. The bellows focusing of these models also allowed extreme closeups to be taken, something difficult or impossible with most TLRs. The simple, sturdy construction of many TLRs means they have tended to

There were smaller TLR models, using 127 roll film with square 44 cm images, most famous the "Baby" Rolleiflex and the Yashica 44. The TLR design was also popular in the 1950s for inexpensive fixed focus cameras such as the Kodak Duaflex and Argus 75. Though most used medium format film, a few 35mm TLRs were made, the Contaflex TLR being the most elaborate, with interchangeable lenses and removable backs. The smallest general-use TLR camera is the Swiss-made Tessina, using perforated 35mm film forming images of 1421 mm. It has been argued that the "business end" of the Olympus Gastro Camera[13] is technically the smallest actual TLR device.

"Compact cameras" are cameras which have appropriate dimensions for putting them into the pocket of a jacket instead of a special camera bag. Compacts can be pocket cameras for 110 film, rollfilm folding cameras for the small roll film formats, and, in most cases, cameras for 35mm film or APS film. Many simple point-and-shoot cameras are compacts. The most digital cameras are compacts. When talking about compacts today people don't think of old compact folders but of handy cameras with several automatic features: automatic film advance, automatic exposure, automatic focusing, automatic closing of the lens cover after usage, and automatic flash. Several very compact viewfinder cameras like the Olympus XA which don't have all of these features are still mentioned as compact cameras too. Since compactness is a common characteristic of modern digicams the term compact camera is not so common in that field. But meaning at least two types of film

Nevertheless ... ... older cameras which were designed and marketed as very compact models of their class may still impress thru their compactness. Considering folding bed cameras one might think the design goal of cameras like the Conley Improved Compact Camera(1908) was finally achieved by KW in Dresden with the legendary Patent Etui (1920), an extremly flat 9x12 format folder, still liked very much by those who still use such cameras.

Instant camera The instant camera is a type of camera that generates a developed film image. The most popular types to use selfdeveloping film were formerly made byPolaroid Corporation. The invention of modern instant cameras is generally credited to American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the first commercial instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1948, a year after unveiling instant film in New York City. The earliest instant camera, which In February 2008, Polaroid announced it consisted of a camera and portable would discontinue production of film, shut darkroom in a single compartment, was down three factories and lay off 450 [1] [2] Sales of chemical film by all invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock. workers. makers have dropped by at least 25% per year in the first decade of the 21st century. Fujifilm is now the only remaining supplier of instant film in the United States. However, in October 2009, Polaroid announced it would bring back its classic

Types of Polaroid instant cameras Polaroid cameras can be classified by the type of film they use. The earliest Polaroids (pre-1963) used instant roll film, which has since been discontinued. Roll film came in two rolls (positive/developing agent and negative) which were loaded into the camera and eventually offered in three sizes (40, 30, and 20 series). Later cameras utilized "pack film," which required the photographer to pull the film out of the camera for development, then peel apart the positive from the negative at the end of the developing process. Pack film initially was offered in a rectangular format (100 series), then in square format (80 series). Later Polaroids, like the once popular SX-70, used a square format integral film, in which all components of the film (negative, developer, fixer, etc.) were contained. Each exposure developed automatically once the shot is taken. SX-70 (or Time Zero) film was recently 600 series cameras such as the Pronto, Sun 600, and One600 use 600 (or the more difficult to find professional 779) film. Polaroid Spectra cameras usePolaroid Spectra film which went back to a rectangular format. Captiva, Joycam, and Popshots (single use) cameras use a smaller 500 series film in rectangular format. I-zone cameras use a very small film format which was offered in a sticker format. Finally, Mio cameras used Mio film, which was a film format smaller than 600, but larger than 500 series film.

Types of non-Polaroid instant cameras The Kodak film was chemically identical to the Polaroid version with the exception that Some of the earliest instant the final print was viewed from the opposite cameras were brought to market side to the exposed surface. Polaroid before Edwin Land's invention of brought a patent-infringement lawsuit the instant camera. These against Kodak, and eventually Kodak was cameras are, however, more forced to stop manufacture of both the portable darkrooms than "instant" camera and film. Kodak was also left to camera. After Land's patent was pay a settlement to some customers who brought to market, many imitators were left without a way to use their nowsurfaced, some using Polaroiddefunct cameras. (Many were offered $50 compatible film and equipment, in Kodak stock). Kodak also lost the such as cameras contract to manufacture film by Keystone, Konica, and Minolta. Customers were offeredPolaroid's the chance towho now took production in house. Others were incompatible with exchange such Kodak cameras (e.g., the Polaroid cameras and film, the most notable of these being made byKodak, such as the Kodamatic. These cameras accepted a Kodakbranded integral instant film, similar to Polaroid's SX-70 film. This was simple for Kodak, because Kodak had, in fact, manufactured film for Polaroid up EK160-EF), for one of the new Disc cameras. Although many did make the swap, some did not trust the new disc format,[citation needed] especially in light of the instant picture camera fiasco and held onto their cameras. There are still many thousands available and even in mint condition with all the original booklets, instructions and carrying case they are

Taking an instant photograph

Pack film cameras operated in a similar manner except for the fact that most of The first roll film cameras required the these cameras had automatic exposure. photographer to use a light meter to take a The development of the film required the reading of the light level, then to set the photographer pull two tabs, the second tab exposure setting on the lens. Then the lens which pulled the positive/negative was focused and the subject framed and "sandwich" from the camera, where it the picture was taken, the photographer developed outside the camera. If the flipped a switch and pulled the large tab in temperature was below 60F, the the back of the camera to pull the negative positive/negative "sandwich" was placed over the positive, through some rollers to between two aluminum plates and placed spread the developing agent. After the either in the user's pocket or under their picture developed inside the camera for the arm to keep it warm while developing. After required time, the photographer opened the required development time (15 the small door in the camera back and seconds to 2 minutes), the positive was peeled the positive from the negative. To peeled apart from the negative.Integral film prevent fading the black and white positive cameras, such as the SX-70, 600 series, had to be coated with a fixing agent, a Spectra, and Captiva cameras went a long potentially messy procedure which led to way in accomplishing Edwin Land's goal of the development of coaterless instant pack creating a seamless process in producing film. instant photos. The photographer simply pointed the camera at the subject, framed it, and took the photo. The camera and film