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Cost-Volume-Profit
(CVP)
Analysis
Basic Assumptions
Changes in production/sales volume are the
sole cause for cost and revenue changes
Total costs consist of fixed costs and variable
costs
Revenue and costs behave and can be
graphed as a linear function (a straight line)
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-2
Basic Assumptions, continued
Selling price, variable cost per unit, and fixed
costs are all known and constant
In many cases only a single product will be
analyzed. If multiple products are studied,
their relative sales proportions are known and
constant
The time value of money (interest) is ignored
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-3
Basic Formulae
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-4
Contribution Margin
Contribution Margin equals sales less
variable costs
CM = S – VC
Contribution Margin per unit equals unit
selling price less variable cost per unit
CMu = SP – VCu
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-5
Contribution Margin
Contribution Margin also equals contribution
margin per unit multiplied by the number of
units sold
CM = CMu x Q
Contribution Margin Ratio (percentage)
equals contribution margin per unit divided by
selling price
CMR = CMu ÷ SP
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-6
Contribution Margin
Income Statement Derivations
A horizontal presentation of the Contribution
Margin Income Statement:
Sales – VC – FC = Operating Income (OI)
(SP x Q) – (VCu x Q) – FC = OI
Q (SP – VCu) – FC = OI
Q (CMu) – FC = OI
Remember this last equation, it will be used
again in a moment
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-7
CVP, Graphically
y
$10,000
Total Operating
revenues income
line
$8,000 Breakeven point = 25 units
Operating
income area
$6,000
Dollars
$5,000
Variable
Breakeven
$4,000
point
costs
Total = 25 units
Total
costs costs
line line
$2,000
Operating
Operating
loss area Fixed
loss area
x
costs
10 20 25 30 40 50
Units Sold
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-8
Breakeven Point
Recall the last equation in an earlier slide:
Q (CMu) – FC = OI
A simple manipulation of this formula, and
setting OI to zero will result in the Breakeven
Point (quantity):
BEQ = FC ÷ CMu
At this point, a firm has no profit or loss at
a given sales level
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-9
Breakeven Point, continued
If per-unit values are not available, the
Breakeven Point may be restated in its
alternate format:
BE Sales = FC ÷ CMR
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-10
Breakeven Point, extended:
Profit Planning
With a simple adjustment, the Breakeven
Point formula can be modified to become a
Profit Planning tool
Profit is now reinstated to the BE formula,
changing it to a simple sales volume equation
Q = (FC + OI)
CM
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-11
CVP and Income Taxes
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-12
Sensitivity Analysis
CVP provides structure to answer a variety of
“what-if” scenarios
“What” happens to profit “if”:
Selling price changes
Volume changes
Cost structure changes
Variable cost per unit changes
Fixed cost changes
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-13
Margin of Safety
One indicator of risk, the Margin of Safety
(MOS) measures the distance between
budgeted sales and breakeven sales:
MOS = Budgeted Sales – BE Sales
The MOS Ratio removes the firm’s size from
the output, and expresses itself in the form of
a percentage:
MOS Ratio = MOS ÷ Budgeted Sales
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-14
Operating Leverage
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-15
Effects of Sales-Mix on CVP
The formulae presented to this point have assumed a
single product is produced and sold
A more realistic scenario involves multiple products
sold, in different volumes, with different costs
For simplicity’s sake, only two products will be
presented, but this could easily be extended to even
more products
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-16
Effects of Sales-Mix on CVP
A weighted-average CM must be calculated (in this
case, for two products)
Weighted ( Product #1 CMu x Product #1 Q ) + ( Product #2 CMu x Product #2 Q )
Average =
CMu Total Units Sold (Q) for Both Products
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-17
Multiple Cost Drivers
Variable costs may arise from multiple cost
drivers or activities. A separate variable cost
needs to be calculated for each driver.
Examples include:
Customer or patient count
Passenger miles
Patient days
Student credit-hours
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-18
Contribution Margin vs.
Gross Profit Comparative Statements
To accompany Cost Accounting 12e, by Horngren/Datar/Foster. Copyright © 2006 by Pearson Education. All rights reserved.
3-19