Cellular Network

A cellular network has a hierarchical structure and it is formed by connecting the major components mentioned below :Mobile Equipment (ME) Base Station(BS) Mobile Switching Centre(MSC)

Cells and Clusters: Arrangement of cells in a cluster

The number of cells per cluster is restricted by the requirement that the clusters must fit together like jig-saw pieces. The possible cell clusters are the 4-,7-,12- and 21cell clusters.
7-cell cluster

Cell : Shape and Size

Ideal cell shape (Fig. a) is circular Actual cell shapes (Fig. b) are caused by reflections & refractions Many cell models (Fig. c) approximate actual cell shape Hexagonal cell model most popular

Hexagonal shape are artificial and cannot be generated in the real world. shape is chosen to simplify planning and design of a cellular system. Hexagons fit together without any overlap or gap in between them. It approaches a circular shape which is the ideal power coverage area. Real shape is unambiguous (coverage depended on prevailing conditions)

Impact of Cell Shape & Radius on Service Characteristics

Note: Only selected parameters from Table will be discussed (later) For given BS parameters, the simplest way of increase # of channels available in an area reduces cell size, Smaller cells in a city than in a countryside

Frequency Reuse

Frequency Reuse: A Seven-Cell Cluster

A Seven-Cell Cluster

Frequency Reuse

Reuse Cluster

Reuse Distance

Example: Calculate the reuse distance for

given cluster when radius of call is 4 Km

Solution

Example 2

Co-channel Interference Ratio

Example 3

ESN: Electronic Serial Number

ESN is a 32-bit number that is stored in the phone. Used along with other numbers, to identify your phone. GSM equivalent would be the IMEI. Each cellular phone is assigned a unique ESN, which is automatically transmitted to the cellular tower station every time a cellular call is placed. The Mobile Telephone Switching Office validates the ESN with each call

Forward and reverse channels

Forward and reverse channels are the two sides of full-duplex communications between a mobile telephone and a Base Station. Forward channels are the frequencies the cell towers use to talk to your cellular telephone. Reverse channels are the frequencies your cellular telephone uses to talk to the cell towers

Channel Spacing

Communication Tower:

Communication Towers also called "base stations," consist of radios, computerized switching equipment, and antennas that receive and transmit radiofrequency (RF) signals. When a person makes a cellular phone call, a signal is sent from the phones antenna to the base station antenna. The base station responds to this signal by assigning it an available radiofrequency channel. Transmission and reception of these radio signals transfer the voice information to the base station. Next, the voice signals are sent to a switching center, which transfers the call to its destination. Cellular phone towers are usually mounted either on top or on the side of existing structures, such as trees, water tanks, or tall buildings. The antennas need to be located high enough so they can adequately cover the area. Base stations usually range in height from 150-270 feet

Towers

cont

Towers can generally be categorized into three major types; guyed, self supporting, and monopole. Typical tower heights will vary between 100 and 250 feet. The type of tower erected will depend on many factors including: Installation Cost Installation Time Soil conditions Required Installation Area Tower height required Wind loading (maximum forces that may be applied to a structural element by wind)

Monopole Tower

These towers are free standing and are most commonly used in cellular and personal communication service (PCS) applications. They are typically constructed of different diameter steel sections either cylindrical or multi sided in shape. The individual sections are bolted or welded together with the largest diameter sections at the base and each successive section is smaller in diameter.

18-Sided Steel Tapered Poles, Available up to 50 feet

Self Supporting Tower

Self-supporting towers tend to be the most expensive towers to erect. They can be constructed with either three or four legs and are free standing with a lattice frame design. These towers are generally the strongest and can support the largest wind and ice loads of the three tower types.

Carry Moderate to Heavy Accessory Loads, Heights up to 500'

Guyed Tower

Guyed towers are generally the least costly however they also require the greatest amount of land to erect due to the area needed for the cable guy wire stays. As a result, guyed towers are most often seen in rural or suburban settings where land is not at a premium. Guyed towers may be constructed with either 3 legs (triangular) or 4 legs. The distance between the tower legs will increase as the height of the tower and wind load increases.

Efficient Design, Maximum Strength and Reliability