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RTTC Faculty

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OBJECTIVES

Describe the Cellular Concept

Explain the GSM Access Network Explain the GSM Core Network Explain the GPRS Core Network

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Communication - Mobile

Subscriber Line (2W)

Inter-Exchange Junction

BSC BTS
Telephone Exchange
Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)

MS

CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

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WHAT IS A CELL ?
A base station (transmitter) having a number of

RF channels is called a cell Each cell covers a a limited number of mobile subscribers within the cell boundaries ( Coverage area) Typical Cell Radius Aprrox = 30 Km (Start up), 1 KM (Mature)

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A RADIO CELL
Voice Channels

Lines to BSC

Or control channels

MS

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Fundamental problems

Radio range, or coverage

No. of channels, or voice circuits Full, seamless service coverage Large no. of subscribers in the range of millions

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CELLULAR MOBILE CONCEPTS

FERQUENCY SCARCITY PROBLEM

Tel Ex.

WIRED NETWORK

BW for Telephony speech: 3KHz increases to 25 KHz with FM for Radio Trans. 100,000

50 Khz = 5 Ghz

(NOT POSSIBLE)

Hence Individual RF Loop is not extended

But a Common group of channels is shared

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GSM Specifications
200 kHz

Carrier Separation

Duplex Distance
No. of RF Carriers Access Method Modulation Method Transmission Rate

45 MHz
124 TDMA/FDMA GMSK 270.833 Kbps

Speech Coding

Full rate 13 Kbps Half rate 6.5 Kbps

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GSM FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access

890 25 MHz
0

915
1 2

935 25 MHz
0 1 Base to Mobile

960
2

Mobile to Base
890.2
890.4 890.6
(MHz)

935.2

935.4

935.6

200 kHz

45MHz

200 kHz

Channel layout and frequency bands of operation

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GSM TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)

Amplitude

45 MHz
7 8 5 6 2 1 3 4 2 1 3 4 5 6 7 8

Frequency

F1 (Cell Rx)

F2

F2 F1 (Cell transmit)

Typical TDMA/ FDMA frame structure

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FDMA/TDMA Scheme

TIME

BP2 BP1 BP8 BP7 BP6 BP5 BP4 BP3 BP2 BP1 890.0 890.2 890.4 890.6 890.8 891.0 891.2

BURST

F
R A M E FREQ
915.8MHz

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GSM RF CHANNELS

LOGICAL CHANNELS
USER INFORMATION( TRAFFIC) SIGNALLING INFORMATION (CONTROL)

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OPERATIONAL CONCEPTS
Subscribers are not allocated dedicated channels TCH Allocated to users only when needed

Hence IDLE MODE & DEDICATED MODE DEDICATED MODE -- When a full Bi -directional P to P CHL has been allocated during an established call

IDLE MODE MODE

-When MS is powered on (active) without being in dedicated mode

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Network Architecture
OSS
HLR

1 MSC=16 BSC 1 BSC=1024 TRU

PSTN ISDN

B T S B T S

BSC BSC
A-bis interface

MSC VLR

A Interface
B T S

Data Networks

Air interface

MSC VLR
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GSM Network Structure

GSM Service Area: Total area served by the

combination of all member countries where a mobile can be served. PLMN Service Area: It is one N/W area.

MSC Service Area: There can many MSC/VLR in one

PLMN area.It is one Mobile Exch. Area. GMSC: All I/C calls for PLMN N/W will be routed through GMSC. In a GSM/PLMN N/W all mobile terminated calls will be routed to a Gateway MSC. Call connections between PLMNs , or to fixed N/Ws must be routed to a GMSC.The GMSC contains the Inter working functions to make these connections.

Location Area Cells

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GSM Network Structure

LOCATION AREA : There are several LA in a MSC/VLR

combination. A LA is a part of the MSC/VLR service area in which a MS may move freely without updating location information to the MSC/VLR exchange that control the LA. Within a LA a paging message is broadcast in order to find the called mobile subs. LA can be identified by system using the LAI. CELL : A cell is an identity served by one BTS. The MS distinguishes between cells using the BASE STATION IDENTIFICATION CODE(BSIC) that the cell site broadcast over the air.

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GSM PLMN Service Area

I
MSC/VLR MSC/VLR

II
MSC/VLR

IV

MSC/VLR

III

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GSM
MSC Service Area
LA 1 LA 2

LA 3

LA 6 LA 4

MSC/VLR
LA 5

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GSM Cells

C1

LA 1

LA 2

LA 3
C2 C5 C6 C4

C3

C7

LA 6 LA 4 MSC/VLR LA 5
C = Cell

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GSM Relation between areas in GSM

CellArea Location Area served by a BTS Location Area MSC Service Area PLMN Service Area GSM Service Area
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GSM Functions of Mobile Station

Voice and data transmission Frequency and time synchronization Monitoring of power and signal quality of the surrounding cells Provision of location updates even during inactive state Equalization of multi path distortions
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GSM Mobile Station

Portable, vehicle mounted, hand held MS identified by unique IMEI(International Mobile Equipment
Identity)

Shall display at least last ten received, dialled and missed calls Minimum talk time of 1hr 30 min. and standby time of 80 hrs

160 characters long SMS

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GSM Mobile Identification Numbers

IMEI MSISDN IMSI

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GSM IMSI
International mobile subscribers Identity
The IMSI is an unique identity which is used internationally and used within the network to identify the mobile subscribers. The IMSI is stored on the subscriber identity module (SIM), the HLR, VLR and AC database.
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RADIO SUB SYSTEM (RSS)

MSC/VLR

BSC BSC

BSC

RSS
n BTS n BTS
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GSM FUNCTION OF BTS -I

Encodes, encrypts, multiplexes, modulates and feeds the RF signals to the antenna Transcoding and rate adaption Functionality Time and frequency synchronisation signals transmission. 11 power classes from .01 watts to 320 watts

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GSM FUNCTION OF BTS -II

Frequency hopping
Random access detection

Uplink radio channel measurements

BTS mainly consists of a set of transceivers (TRX).

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GSM FUNCTIONS OF BSC-I

It is connected to BTS and offloads MSC Radio resource management Inter-cell handover Reallocation of frequencies Power control

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GSM FUNCTIONS OF BSC-II

Time delay measurement of the received signals from MS with respect to BTS clock.
Performs traffic concentration to reduce the number of lines from BSC to MSC.

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GSM MSC-BSS Configurations

Multi - cell site (sector Cells Configuration -5 A BTS A BSS Single - cell site Configuration -1 BTS BTS BTS Many single cell sites

MSC

BSS

A-bis BSC A-bis

BTS BTS

BTS MCC: Mobile Switching Centre

Configuration -6

Multi - cell site = multi--BTS site

BSS: Base Station System

BSC: Base Station Controller BTS: Base Transceiver Station

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GSM
MSC ( MOBILE SWITCHING CENTRE)
Manages communication between GSM & other network Call setup functions, basic switching are done MSC takes into account the RR allocation in addition to normal exchange functions MSC does gateway function while its customers roams to other network by using HLR /VLR

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GSM MSC Functions - I

Paging, specifically call handling
Location updation

Handover management
Billing for all subscribers based in its area Reallocation of frequencies to BTSs in its area to meet heavy demands
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GSM MSC Functions - II

Echo canceller operation control Signaling interface to databases like HLR, VLR. Gateway to SMS between SMS centers and subscribers Handle interworking function while working as GMSC
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GSM VISITOR LOCATION REGISTER (VLR)-I

It controls those mobiles roaming in its area.
VLR reduces the number of queries to HLR One VLR may be incharge of one or more LA. VLR is updated by HLR on entry of MS its area. VLR assigns TMSI which keeps on changing.

IMSI detach and attach operation

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GSM Data in VLR

IMSI & TMSI MSISDN MSRN. Location Area Supplementary service parameters MS category Authentication Key

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GSM Home Location Register(HLR)-I

Reference store for subscribers parameters, numbers, authentication & Encryption values.
Current subscriber status and associated VLR. Both VLR and HLR can be implemented in the same equipment in an MSC. one PLMN may contain one or several HLR.
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GSM Home Location Register(HLR)-II

Permanent data in HLR
Data stored is changed only by man-machine. IMSI, MS-ISDN number. Category of MS ( whether pay phone or not ) Roaming restriction ( allowed or not ).

Supplementary services like call forwarding

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GSM Home Location Register(HLR)-II

Temporary data in HLR

The data changes from call to call & is dynamic MSRN RAND /SRES and Kc VLR address, MSC address.

Messages waiting data used for SMS

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GPRS

General Packet Radio System

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Network Evolution
BTS
P C U

SMS-G/IW MSC
MSC/VLR
Gs G d

MS

BSC

HLR
Gr

AUC

MS

EDGE TRU UMTS R BTS N C BTS R N BTS C

G b
Iu

ISP Network

SGSN
G n

GGSN
G n

Gi

MS

U T R A N

Backbone Network

Corporate Network

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Network Evolution
BTS
P C U

SMS-G/IW MSC
MSC/VLR
Gs G d

MS

BSC

HLR
Gr

AUC

MS

EDGE TRU

G b

ISP Network

SGSN
G n

GGSN
G n

Gi

Backbone Network

Corporate Network

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Network Evolution
BTS
P C U

SMS-G/IW MSC
MSC/VLR
Gs G d

MS

BSC

HLR
Gr

AUC

MS

EDGE TRU UMTS R BTS N C BTS R N BTS C

G b
Iu

ISP Network

SGSN
G n

GGSN
G n

Gi

MS

U T R A N

Backbone Network

Corporate Network

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BTS
MT

Um

Abis A

GMSC MSC/VLR
Gs Gb Gf

ISDN / PSTN / PLMN Network

EIR AUC HLR

IP-Backbone Network

BSC
TE

MS

SGSN
Gr
Gn

BSS
A Abis AUC BSC BSS BTS EIR GGSN GMSC Gx HLR MS MSC MT SGSN TE Um VLR GSM Interface GSM Interface (Proprietary of M/s Ericsson) Authentication Center Base Station Center Base Station System Base Transceiver Station Equipment Identity Register Gateway GPRS Support Node Gateway Mobile services Switching Center GPRS Interfaces Home Location Register Mobile Station Mobile services Switching Center Mobile Terminal Serving GPRS Support Node Terminal Equipment Air Interface Visitor Location Register GSM Network Elements

Gn Gi
External IP Network

GGSN
Gi

External X.25 Network

GPRS Network Elements

Traffic & Signaling

Signaling

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GPRS COMPONENTS
To ensure the interworking of the PLMN, PDN and the wireless networks, two new major components are required. These components are called GPRS Support Nodes. There are two types of GPRS Support Nodes
1. Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN) 2. Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

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Serving GPRS Support Node (SGSN)

An SGSN delivers packets to mobile stations within its service area. SGSNs send queries to Home Location Registers (HLRs) to obtain profile data of GPRS subscribers. SGSNs detect new GPRS mobile stations in a given service area; and, finally, SGSNs process registration of new mobile subscribers and keep a record of their location inside a given service area.

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Gateway GPRS Support Node (GGSN)

GGSNs are used as interfaces to external PDNs. GGSNs maintain routing information that is necessary to tunnel the Protocol Data Units (PDUs) to the SGSNs that service particular mobile stations. Other functions include network and subscriber screening and address mapping. One or more GGSNs may support multiple SGSNs.

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GPRS Network Enhancements

In addition to the new GPRS components, existing GSM and TDMA network elements must also be enhanced in order to support GPRS. The following two pieces of equipment must be enhanced:
Base Station System (BSS): must be enhanced to recognize and send user data to the SGSN that is serving the area. Home Location Register (HLR): must be enhanced to register GPRS user profiles and respond to queries originating from SGSNs regarding these profiles.

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Advantages of GPRS

Increased revenues by moving in to the mobile data market Gain new subscribers requiring the data services without investing in to PCs to gain internet access Retain current subscribers by offering new services Reduce costs due to efficient use of network resources