MAE 4261: AIR-BREATHING ENGINES

Thermodynamics Review and Cycle Analysis Overview

September 1, 2009

Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering Department
Florida Institute of Technology

D. R. Kirk
2
INTRODUCTION TO CYCLE ANALYSIS
Cycle Analysis What determines engine characteristics?

Cycle analysis is study of thermodynamic behavior of air as it flows through
engine without regard for mechanical means used to affect its motion

Characterize components by effects they produce

Actual engine behavior is determined by geometry
Cycle analysis is sometimes characterized as representing a rubber engine

Main purpose is to determine which characteristics to choose for components of an
engine to best satisfy a particular need
Express T, q, I
sp
, TSFC as function of design parameters

Aircraft engines (and all gas turbine engines) operate on a Brayton Cycle
3
HEAT ENGINE: PROPULSION CHAIN
Chemical
Energy
Heat
(Thermal
Energy)
Mechanical
Power
Mech.
Power to
GasFlow

Thrust
Power
The overall efficiency for the propulsion chain is given by:
Combustion Thermal Propulsive
Thrust = F
speed Flight
o
u
fuel jet for J/kg
7
10 x 4.3 = reaction) of (heat combustion of Heat
comb
h
rate flow Fuel
f
m
=
=
=
comb
0
=
overall

h
f
m
F U

= =
usage energy chemical of Rate
power Thrust
for pay What we
get What we
propulsive mech thermal combustion overall
=
Mechanical
4
CONCEPTS / TOOLS FOR ENGINE IDEAL CYCLE ANALYSIS
Ideal gas equation of state, p = RT

One-dimensional gas dynamics

Concepts of stagnation and static quantities (temperature, pressure, etc.)
Relations between Mach number and thermodynamic properties

Thermodynamics of propulsion cycle
Make use of 1
st
and 2
nd
Laws of Thermodynamics

Behavior of useful quantities: energy, entropy, enthalpy

Relations between thermodynamic properties in a reversible (lossless) process
Isentropic = reversible + adiabatic

Properties of cycles (it is cyclic)
Air starts at atmospheric pressure and temperature and ends up at atmospheric pressure
and temperature
Definition of Open vs. Closed Cycles
5
STAGNATION QUANTITIES DEFINED
Quantities used in describing engine performance are the stagnation pressure,
enthalpy and temperature
Stagnation enthalpy, h
t
, enthalpy state if stream is decelerated adiabatically to zero
velocity
2
2
1
1 or
2
2
2
1
1
2
1
) 2 (
2
1
2
2
2
2
M
T
t
T
a
u
T
t
T
RT a
R
p
c
T
p
c
u
T
t
T
p
c
u
T
t
T
T
p
c h
u
h
t
h

+ =
|
.
|

\
|

+ =
=

=
+ =
+ =
=
+ =

Ideal gas
Stagnation temperature
Speed of sound
Total to static temperature ratio
in terms of Mach number
6
FOR REVERSIBLE + ADIABATIC = ISENTROPIC PROCESS
flow speed low for Equation" Bernouli "

2
2
1
get to theorem binomial the using expand , 1
2
For
1
2
2
1
1
velocity) zero ally to isentropic d decelerate is stream if pressure is (
pressure stagnation the defines
1
constant
) 1 / (
find we using
constant
u p
t
p
M
M
p
t
p
t
p
T
T
p
t
p
T
p
RT p
P
t

+ =
<<

|
.
|

\
|

+ =

|
.
|

\
|
=
=

=
=
7
RECAP ON THERMODYNAMICS: 1
st
LAW
First law (conservation of energy) for a system: chunk of matter
of fixed identity

AE
0
= Q - W

Change in overall energy (AE
0
) = Heat in - Work done

AE
0
= Thermal energy + kinetic energy ...

Neglecting changes in kinetic and potential energy

AE = Q - W ; (Change in thermal energy)

On a per unit mass basis, the statement of the first law is thus:

Ae = q - w
8
RECAP ON THERMODYNAMICS: 2
nd
LAW
The second law defines entropy, s, by:
ds =
dq
reversible
T
Where dq
reversible
is the increment of heat received in a reversible
process between two states

The second law also says that for any process the sum of the
entropy changes for the system plus the surroundings is equal
to, or greater than, zero



As
system
+ As
surroundings
> 0
Equality only exists in a reversible (ideal) process
9
REPRESENTING ENGINE PROCESS
IN THERMODYNAMIC COORDINATES

First Law: AE = Q - W, where E is the total energy of the parcel of air.

For a cyclic process AE is zero (comes back to the same state)
Therefore: Q (Net heat in) = W (Net work done)

Want a diagram which represents the heat input or output.
A way to do this is provided by the Second Law
Tds
reversible
dq =
where ds is the change in entropy of a unit mass of the parcel and
dq is the heat input per unit mass

Thus, one variable should be the entropy , s
10
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (I)
Shaft work
Heat input
Mass flow
Device
1
2

h
t2
- h
t1
=q- w
shaft
q is heat input/unit mass
w
shaft
is the shaft work / unit mass
For any device in steady flow
| |
previously defined enthalpy stagnation the is 2 / quantity The
done shaft work of Rate - in heat of Rate =
2
shaft 1 2
u h h
W Q h h m
t
t t
+ =
=

Per unit mass flow rate:

11
STEADY FLOW ENERGY EQUATION (II)
The form of the steady flow energy equation shows that enthalpy, h:

h = e + pv = e + p/

Natural variable to use in fluid flow-energy transfer processes.

For an ideal gas with constant specific heat, dh = c
p
dT.

Changes in enthalpy are equivalent to changes in temperature.

To summarize, the useful natural variables in representing gas turbine engine
processes are h,s (or T, s).

Represent thermodynamic cycle (Brayton) for gas turbine engine on a T,s diagram

12
THERMODYANMICS: BRAYTON CYCLE MODEL
13
GAS TURBINE ENGINE COMPONENTS
Inlet: Slows, or diffuses, the flow to the compressor

Fan/Compressor: (generally two, or three, compressors in series) does work on
the air and raises its stagnation pressure and temperature

Combustor: Heat is added to the air at roughly constant pressure

Turbine: (generally two or three turbines in series) extracts work from the air to
drive the compressor or for power (turboshaft and industrial gas turbines)

Afterburner: (on military engines) adds heat at constant pressure

Nozzle: Raises the velocity of the exiting mass flow

Exhaust gases reject heat to the atmosphere at constant pressure
14
THERMODYNAMIC CHARACTERISTICS
OF COMPONENTS (IDEAL COMPONENTS)
0 = s exchange, heat no , shaft work No : nozzle Exhaust
lossless adiabatic, 0 s
, turbine from output work 0, >
shaft
w w h : Turbine
input) (heat q h : r afterburne and Combustor
lossless adiabatic, 0 s
, compressor input to work 0, w w h : Compressor
0 h : Inlet
shaft t
in
t
shaft shaft
t
t
(

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< =
=
15
THERMODYNAMIC MODEL OF GAS TURBINE ENGINE CYCLE
[Cravalho and Smith]
16
SCHEMATIC OF CONDITIONS THROUGH A GAS TURBINE
[Rolls-Royce]
17
NOMINAL PRESSURES AND TEMPERATURES FOR A
PW4000 TURBOFAN [Pratt&Whitney]
18
REVIEW OF STATION LOCATIONS