Immune System

Homeostasis: the process by which organisms keep internal conditions relatively constant despite changes in their external environments

pg 1031

Fight infection through production of cells that inactivate foreign substances of cells.

pg 1036

Disease caused by
Genetics:

cancer, hemophilia, sickle cell anemia

Environmental factors: cigarette smoke, asbestos

Pathogens: micro-organisms that cause disease Bacteria Viruses Fungi Protists

pg 1033

Pathogens
bacteria

viruses

Require nutrients, energy, disrupts homeostasis

Break down cells for food

Requires host cell to replicate and synthesize self

Infect cells Harm cells

(tuberculosis) Toxins: released by pathogen and travels through body (diphtheria)

pp 480, 481, 485, 488

Diseases Caused by Bacteria

Disease
Tetanus Tuberculosis

Bacterium
Clostridium tetani Mycobacterium tuberculosis Corynebacterium diphtheria Streptococcus pyogenes

Effect on Body
Severe muscle spasms, paralysis, death Fatigue, weight loss, mild fever, night sweats chronic cough Sore throat, low-grade fever

Diphtheria

Strep Throat

Fever, sore throat, swollen glands

Tooth Decay

Streptococcus mutans

Destruction of tooth enamel

pg 486

Diseases Caused by Viruses

Disease
Common cold Influenza

Effect of Body

Transmission

Smallpox Warts AIDS

Sneezing, sore throat, fever, Contact with contaminated headache, muscle ache objects, droplet inhalation Body aches, fever, sore throat, Contact with contaminated nasal congestion, headache, dry objects, droplet inhalation cough, fatigue High fever, fatigue, head and back Contact with contaminated aches, rash objects, droplet inhalation Noncancerous growth on the skin Contact with warts Helper T cells, which are needed for normal immune function are destroyed Contact with contaminated blood or bodily fluids, pregnant women to babies during delivery or breastfeeding
pg 489

Germ Theory
Pasteur and Koch: independently determined infections are caused by germs (pathogens) Kochs Postulates

pp 1031 - 1032

Steere

Identified Lymes disease by reproving Kochs postulates

pg 1032, figure 40-2

How diseases are spread

Physical contact
hands

Contaminated food and water

Food poisoning

Vectors: infected animals, eg mosquitos

Anthrax through sheep

pg 1034

Immune System

Nonspecific defenses

Specific defenses

pp 1036 - 1040

saliva antibacterial
enzymes

tears antibacterial enzymes

stomach acid low pH kills harmful microbes

mucus linings traps dirt and microbes

1st Line of Defense

Nonspecific Keep pathogens out!!!!

cilia tiny hairs in nose and bronchi

***skin prevents entry***

Pg 1036

2nd Line of Defense (nonspecific

response)

Inflammatory Response
Nonspecific reaction to tissue damage by injury or infection WBC or phagocytes called macrophages attack pathogen fever chemicals released by body increase core temp (slows down growth)

Interferon
Nonspecific response to a viral infection
Protein produced by

infected cells. Interferes with synthesis of viral proteins & helps block viral replication (slows down growth)
pg 1037

Inflammatory Response
Phago = eats; cytes = cells

Skin

Wound

Phagocytes: enter area

and engulf bacteria and cell debris

Bacteria enter wound

Capilary

pg 1037

Specific Defenses:
Immune Response: body reacts with a series of specific defenses to attack pathogens with a particular antigen.
Antigen: substance of a pathogen that triggers an immune response.

pg 1038

Immune Response

Humoral Immunity
Bodily fluids
Bone marrow B lymphocytes B cells

Cell-mediated Immunity
Living inside cells Thymus gland T lymphocytes T cells

Humor = fluid Lymph = water, fluid Cyte = cell

pp 1038 - 1040

Humoral Immunity

B cells Plasma cells

1st recognize pathogen. Grow rapidly. Produce antibodies which is specific for a particular antigen. Short lived. Protein that binds tags antigen attacking disarming.

Antibodies

Memory B cells

Retain ability to produce antibodies for specific antigen. Reduce chance of second infection. Lives for years.
pp 1038 - 1039

Cell-mediated Immunity

T cells Helper T cell Memory T cell Killer T cell

Activates Killer T and produces memory T cells Retain memory for antigen. Lives for years Track and kill pathogen with the antigen. Release substance that shuts down Killer Ts
pg 1040

Suppressor T cell

Summary to Immune Response

Antigen Macrophage

Cell-mediated Immunity
Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Kills Infected Cells

Helper T - Cell

Humoral Immunity
Active B - Cell

Memory T- Cell

Plasma Cell Antibodies Deactivates Antigens

Memory B-Cell

Fighting Back

Antibiotics: compounds that block the growth and reproduction bacteria without harming the cells of the human or animal host.

Vaccines: weakened or killed

pathogen build immunity to disease. Useful for preventing bacterial and viral infections.
pp 486, 1035, 1042

Building Immunity
Acquired immunity cowpox and smallpox Active immunity from infection and vaccine

Vaccine:

Passive

immunity breastfed baby

pp 1041 - 1042

Allergies
Overreaction to immune system antigens known as allergens Asthma is an example of this

pp 1043 - 1044

Autoimmune disease
Body fails to recognize self. Sees self as an invader. Attacks Multiple Sclerosis, psoriasis, Type I diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, myasthenia gravis

pg 1044

Immunodeficiency disease

Immune system does not develop boy in the bubble Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
HIV Human Immunodeficiency Virus Attacks helper T-cell

Pp 1045 - 1047

Summary to Immune Response

Antigen Macrophage

Cell-mediated Immunity
Active Cytotoxic T-Cell Kills Infected Cells

Helper T - Cell

Humoral Immunity
Active B - Cell

Memory T- Cell

Plasma Cell Antibodies Deactivates Antigens

Memory B-Cell

HIV Transmission
Sexual intercourse bodily fluids Shared needles blood Blood exposure blood Mother/child: pregnancy birth, feeding both

ABSTINENCE is the only no risk behavior

pg 1047