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Primary female reproductive organs are ovaries while accessory are the ducts like uterine tubes, uterus, and vagina
The Ovaries
The Ovaries
The ovaries on the outer side are surrounded by a layer of epithelial cells called the germinal epithelium. Embedded in their cortex are ovarian follicles in various stages of development. The remains of ruptured follicle after ovulation is called corpus luteum
Uterine Tubes
Uterine tubes receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site for fertilization. They empty into the uterus. They expand distally around the ovary forming the ampulla which ends in the funnel-shaped, ciliated infundibulum containing fingerlike projections called fimbriae.
Uterine Tubes
The uterine tubes have no contact with the ovaries and the ovulated oocyte is cast into the peritoneal cavity. Beating cilia on the fimbriae create currents to carry the oocyte into the uterine tube. The oocyte is carried toward the uterus by peristalsis and ciliary action of the lining ciliary epithelium of the tube.
Uterus
The uterus is a hollow, thick-walled organ located in the pelvis anterior to the rectum and posterio superior to the urinary bladder. Its parts are Fundus rounded region superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes Body major portion of the uterus Isthmus narrowed region between the body and cervix
Uterus
Cervix narrow neck which projects into the vagina inferiorly Cervical canal cavity of the cervix that communicates with:
The vagina via the external os The uterine body via the internal os
Cervical glands secrete mucus that covers the external os and blocks sperm entry except during midcycle
Uterine Wall
Stratum functionalis Stratum basale
Endometrium
Composed of three layers Perimetrium outermost serous layer; the visceral peritoneum Myometrium middle layer; consists of interlacing layers of smooth muscles Endometrium mucosal lining of the uterine cavity. It has numerous uterine glands and consists of
Stratum functionalis: It undergoes cyclic changes in response to ovarian hormones and is shed during menstruation Stratum basalis: It forms a new functionalis layer after menstruation ends. It does not respond to ovarian hormones.
Ovarian Cycle
Monthly series of events occurring in ovaries associated with the maturation of an egg is called an ovarian cycle. It consists of follicular phase and luteal phase
Ovarian Cycle
Follicular phase cont. The full
sized follicle (vesicular follicle) bulges from the external surface of the ovary. The primary oocyte completes meiosis I, and the stage is set for ovulation.
Ovarian Cycle
Luteal phase A period of
corpus luteum activity (days 14 28). After ovulation, the ruptured follicle collapses, granulosa cells enlarge, and along with internal thecal cells, form the corpus luteum The corpus luteum secretes progesterone and estrogen..
Ovarian Cycle
Luteal phase cont.
If pregnancy does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates in 10 days, leaving a scar (corpus albicans) in the ovary. If pregnancy occurs, the corpus luteum produces hormones until the placenta takes over that role (at about 3 months of gestation)
MENSTRUAL CYCLE
Hormonal control
1. Pituitary gland release Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) that acts on the ovary. Ovarian follicles grow and mature under influence of FSH, and produce increasing quantities of estrogen When levels of estrogen reach a threshold level, a feed back process decreases the production of FSH by the pituitary.
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3.
Hormonal control
4. Increased estrogen levels trigger the release of Luteinizing Hormone (LH) from the pituitary gland Ovulation occurs, that is release of an egg from the follicle. The empty follicle forms the corpus luteum, which produces progesterone which maintains the endometrium in a state of readiness to receive a fertilized egg
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6.
Hormonal control
7. If the fertilized egg does not implant itself the progesterone level falls and mensturation commences.