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Topic 11 Part 1
Titration
Titration is a common laboratory method of quantitative chemical analysis that is used to determine the unknown concentration of a known reactant. Because volume measurements play a key role in titration, it is also known as volumetric analysis
Reactants are elements and compounds that appear on the left side of a chemical equation.
reactant titrant
by-product
They are the species that react or undergo a chemical change into other elements and compounds called products. An analyte is a substance or chemical constituent that is determined in an analytical procedure, such as a titration.
Analyte (titrand) Reagent ( titrant or titrator)
Analytes : Any substance undergoing analysis. For instance, blood glucose testing, the analyte is glucose.
Blood uric acid testing, the analyte is uric acid
A reagent, called the titrant or titrator, of a known concentration (a standard solution) and volume is used to react with a solution of the analyte or titrand, whose concentration is not known.
An analyte (titrand) is a substance or chemical constituent that is determined in an analytical procedure, such as a titration.
Phenolphthalein is used as an acid or base indicator where in contact or presence of acid it will turn colorless and with base, it will turn into a pinkish violet color.
Titrant
Using a calibrated burette would be able to determine the exact amount (volume) of titrant to reach the endpoint, and so the equivalence point.
The endpoint (similar, but not the same as the equivalence point) is the point at which the titration is complete, as determined by an indicator.
Indicators are substances whose solutions change color due to changes in pH. These are called acidbase indicators.
Indicator
Color on pH Range of Color on basic acidic color change (alkaline) side side 8.3 10.0 Pink
Phenolphthalein Colorless
For example, in a reaction that forms ammonia (NH3), exactly one molecule of nitrogen (N2) reacts with three molecules of hydrogen (H2) to produce two molecules of NH3 :
N2 + 3H2 = 2NH3
When an indicator dye is used to detect the changes, its endpoint should be close to the equivalence point.
Before : wash with distilled water and then with the solution going into it. After : wash with distilled water only.
Pipette
Volumetric flask
For each piece of apparatus volume readings are taken at the bottom of the meniscus.
In a titration the pipette is used to transfer 25 cm3 (usually to 0.05 cm3) of a solution into a conical flask. Another solution that reacts with the pipetted solution in the conical flask is carefully added from a burette until it has all exactly reacted. This is called the end point of the titration (or equivalence point of the reaction). There needs to be a way of knowing when the end point is reached. An indicator of some kind may be needed. For example, in the titration of a strong acid and a strong base a few drops of methyl orange or phenolphthalein could be used. Often a titration is repeated until successive titres are within 0.1 cm3.