ELECTRONICS DEVICES /COMPONENTS

DEVICES - DEVELOPMENT

1935
1950

VACC.Tubes Transistors, FETS, IGBTs). Linear Integrated Ckt (LICS) Planar Si, MOS, CMOS DICs (MSI, LSI (TTL)

4 GeSi GaAs, GeSi, (Band-gap

Engg, IBM,1998)

1980s

P, C (10s & 1000s of transistors in

a chip)- has pervaded and revolutionized the universal standards for control, measurement and control applications).

ASICs (Entrepreneur's designed their own

specific appln. products, when want large nos, compact,

1990 1996

portable, smart & space stringent applns.

0.15

System on a CHIP OPTICAL DEVICES LASERS wave FIBER-Optics Products (GUNN DIODE, , IMPATT, Micro
Integrated CIRCUIT(MIC))

DISPLAY DEVICES- LEDs, LCDs, CRO, ElectroLuminiscent DISPLAYS

ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS
DIGITAL

DISCRETE

LINEAR
TRIAC, THYRISTOR

RF

wave MICS

OPTICAL

P
(COMPUTER)

SWITCHING
Telecommunication Communication

TRANSISTORS

LASER

FIBER

POWER

POWER ELECTRONICS

C CKT
CONTROL ENGG.

RADIO TELEPHONY TV
Satellite Commn.

Cellular Tech
(900-1800Mhz)

MEMORIES

MEDIA DATA STORAGE

DISPLAY TECHNOLOGY NETWORK TECHNOLOGY

SOFTWARE ENGG.
PROTOCOLS (HTML, NETWORK PROTOCOLS)

OPERATING SYSTEM

COMPILERS

APPLICATION SOFTWARE

PASSIVE COMPONENS: R,L, C

1.Resistors Resist the flow of current Useful for voltage sensing circuits Controls the charging time of the capacitance Variable voltage source Limit current to LEDs and Transistors R = E/I ( Ohms Law)
(Always dissipate the heat; So use proper wattage ratings for the resistors - 1/8 watts, 1/4, 1/2. 1Watts, 10 Watts etc.) Types: Carbon, Metal film, Wire wound etc Potentiometer / Pot/ Variable resistors - Voltage variable source

Resistor Applications

Resistors Contn:

Wire Wound Resisor tied as a Rheostat

As a Voltage Divider

Fixed

Symbol Potentiometer Multi-turn Trimmer

CAPACITORS:

The capacitor's function is to store electricity, or electrical energy. The capacitor also functions as a filter, passing alternating current (AC), and blocking direct current (DC). This symbol is used to indicate a capacitor in a circuit diagram. The capacitor is constructed with two electrode plates facing each other, but separated by an insulator.

When DC voltage is applied to the capacitor, an electric charge is stored on each electrode. While the capacitor is charging up, current flows. The current will stop flowing when the capacitor has fully charged.

TYPES: Electrolytic

Tantalam Polystyrene Film Capacitors Ceramic

Polypropylene Capacitors Multi layer Ceramic

Mica Capacitors Variable Capacitors

Capacitors contn:
Applications: Removes Power supply spikes So as to avoid false retriggering of digital ICs. Smooth rectified AC voltage into steady DC voltage Block DC signal while passin g AC signal Bypass Ac signal around a ckt or to Gnd, Filter out unwanted portion of a fluctuating sinal Use with resistors to integrate a fluctuating signal Integrator ckt

Differentiator

Perform Timing Function

Store charge to keep transisitor to turned on or OFF

Store charge to be dumped thro falsh tube or LED in a fast powerpul pulse.

Semiconductors:
Diode

Symbol

Diode Applications: *Permits current to flow in one direction only Used to Rectify AC * Allow Ct to flow into ckt but block its return Rectifier Rectifier diodes

Transformer + Rectifier

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing

Smoothing capacitor for 10% ripple, C =

5 Io Vs f

C = smoothing capacitance in farads (F) Io = output current from the supply in amps (A) Vs = supply voltage in volts (V), this is the peak value of the unsmoothed DC f = frequency of the AC supply in hertz (Hz), 50Hz in the UK

Transformer + Rectifier + Smoothing + Regulator

Zener diode regulator

For low ct. power supplies a simple voltage regulator can be made with a resistor and a zener diode connected in reverse as shown in the diagram. Zener diodes are rated by their breakdown voltage Vz and max. power Pz (typically 400mW or 1.3W).

Choosing a zener diode and resistor: The zener voltage Vz is the output voltage required The i/P voltage Vs must be a few volts greater than Vz (this is to allow for small fluctuations in Vs due to ripple) The max. ct Imax is the output current required plus 10% The zener power Pz is determined by the max. Ct.: Pz > Vz Imax The resistor resistance: R = (Vs - Vz) / Imax The resistor power rating: P > (Vs - Vz) Imax

TRANSISTORS
Bipolar device Used for amplification Used in Oscillators, Switching ckts, Different configurations: CB, CC,CE <1 >500

Using a transistor as a switch

Using a transistor switch with sensors

Transistor Biasing is very Important; Methods of Biasing Techniques 1. Base Resistor

2. Feedback Resistor or Collector to Base bias:

3. Emitter resistor

4 Voltage Divider method

Transistor contn: A transistor inverter (NOT gate )

Common Collector Amplifier / Emitter Follower

Common Emitter Amplifier

Nonlinear two state amplifier with different ``on'' and ``off'' input thresholds called a Schmitt trigger

Relay Circuits:

Transistors cannot switch AC or high voltages (such as mains electricity) and they are not usually a good choice for switching large currents (> 5A).

In these cases a relay will be needed, but note that a low power transistor may still be needed to switch the current for the relay's coil!
Advantages of relays:
Relays can switch AC and DC, transistors can only switch DC. Relays can switch high voltages, transistors cannot. Relays are a better choice for switching large currents (> 5A). Relays can switch many contacts at once.

CC, CB, CE configurations:

CE

Configuration:

I/p to base

O/P at the collector

Phase inversion form I/P to O/P Voltage Gain High Highest power gain Can be easily cascaded to Multistage amplifiers Current Gain high Mostly used in All applications;

CB Configuration

I/P to Emitter
O/P from Collector No Phase Inversion I/P resistance is low Max current gain = 1 ( - IC/IE ~ 1) CC Configuration ( Unity gaing/ voltage follower) I/P to baser O/P from Emitter No Phase Inversion

I/P resistance is High

O/P resistance Low Max Voltage gain = 1

Multistage Amplifiers:
1. RC Coupled Amplifiers Advantages:

Inexpensive ; Excellent Freq. response;

No bulky components are used; No adjustment needed No transformers used, so min. distortion Disadv: Impedance Matching is poor Gain is comparatively small Applications: Used in Voltage amplifiers

Used in Coupling networks in the initial stage

Used in Public address System

2.DC Coupled Amplifiers:

Simple ckt, Low cost

DC Current amplifier at low frequencies

Disadv: Temp. instability Can not be used high freq signals Applications: Used in coupling ckts. Used in pulse amplifiers Used in Medical Instruments,such as Cardioscopy.

Use Oscilloscope ckts.

Transistor Power Amplifiers- Types:

1.Class A Adv: Distortion less Disadv: O/P power very low Collector efficiency low ~ 35%

Class A

Class B Class AB Collector Efficiency High~50 Adv: Higher power O/P

3.Class C Used as Tuned Amplifiers Efficiency = 80%

5. Class B Push Pull Power Amplifiers Adv: O/P- Distortion free; Efficiency very high Disadv. Two identical Transistors/Tubes should be used

FETS Field Effect Transistors Two types JFET ? FET - IGFET ( Insulated Gate FET) Adv: Unipolar device Simple to fabriate Occupies less space in the integrated ckt

It exhibits no offset voltage at low drain ct. and makes excellent signal chopper
It is less noisy than Bipolar Trs. Disadv: Small gain bandwidth Product Applications: Used in LSI Digital ckts.

Feed Back Amplifiers:

FB

+ Feed back- Yields with Oscillations - Sinusoidal Oscillators, Tuned Osc. , Hartley Osc., Colpits Osc.
- Ve Feedback - Amplifiers