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Fever Case II
Asha, a 4 year old girl brought to hospital after 2 weeks of fever, not eating or drinking. On the day of referral she could not be woken up and had a seizure.
What are the stages in the management for any sick child?
2.
3. 4. 5. 6. 7.
Differential diagnoses
Main diagnosis
Temperature: 39.50C, pulse: 140/min, RR: 50/min; breathing noisy but regular, no cyanosis, intermittently shaking left arm and leg, unresponsive to voice, withdraws to pain
Triage
Emergency signs (Ref. p. 2, 6) Obstructed breathing Severe respiratory distress Central cyanosis Signs of shock Coma Convulsions Severe dehydration Priority signs (Ref. p. 6) Tiny baby Temperature Trauma Pallor Poisoning Pain (severe) Respiratory distress Restless, irritable Referral Malnutrition Oedema of both feet Burns
Emergency treatment
Airway management? Oxygen? Intravenous fluids? Anticonvulsants?
Immediate investigations?
Blood sugar
Place the prongs just inside the nostrils and secure with tape. (Ref. Chart 5, p. 11 p. 312-315)
Use an 8 F size tube Measure the distance from the side of the nostril to the inner eyebrow margin with the catheter Insert the catheter to this depth and secure it with tape
History
Asha was well until two weeks ago when she developed high fever and was eating and drinking poorly. She was taken to the health centre, where she was given benzyl penicillin for three days, but the fever persisted and she became more lethargic. On the day of referral she could not be woken up and had a seizure.
Family history: Asha's aunt has tuberculosis, which was diagnosed recently.
Social history: she lives with an extended family including her parents, grandparents and her uncle's family in a three-room house.
Examination
Asha was thin, pale looking, unconscious but withdrew to pain. She was intermittently shaking her left arm and leg.
Vital signs: temperature: 39.50C, pulse: 140/min, RR: 50/min Weight: 14 kg Height: 100cm
Cardiovascular/Abdomen: normal
Neurology: Asha was unconscious and withdrew only to pain (squeezing her earlobe) and only on the right side. Her neck was stiff and she grimaced when it was moved. Her pupils were unequal. Apart from the intermittent jerking of her left arm and leg, she did not move her left side.
Differential diagnoses
List possible causes of the illness Main diagnosis Secondary diagnoses Use references to confirm (Ref. p. 24-25, p. 151)
Shock (secondary to severe sepsis) Use references to suggest which are most likely
P Responds to pain
U unconscious Pupil size and light reaction
Unequal pupils
Abnormal posturing (Ref. p. 167-168) Tense or bulging fontanelle (only in infants)
Neck Stiffness
(Ref. p. 168)
Investigations
Full Blood Examination Blood glucose Film or RDT for malarial parasites Chest x-ray
Investigations (continued)
Full blood examination:
Haemoglobin: Platelets: WCC: Neutrophils: Lymphocytes: Monocytes: 89g/l (115-140) 758x109/l (150 400) 30.6x109/l (5.5 15.5) 21.4x109/l (1.5 8.5) 8.0x109/l 1.2x109/l (2.0 8.0) (0.1 1.0)
Investigations (continued)
Blood sugar: <1mmol/l initially, then 4.5 mmol/l after emergency treatment Chest x-ray: enlarged perihilar lymph nodes, some calcified Blood film: malaria parasites were not seen in both samples, and RDT negative Other tests that could be done:
Mantoux test (Tuberculin skin test: TST)
Gastric aspirate (ZN stain, TB culture)
Lumbar puncture was not done because Asha had unequal pupils and focal seizures (Ref. p. 346-347)
Diagnosis
Summary of findings: Examination: comatose state and focal seizures, cervical lymphadenopathy, positive contact history for tuberculosis; failure to improve after 3 days of antibiotic treatment Chest x-ray: enlarged perihilar lymph nodes, some calcified Blood examination shows moderate anaemia, moderate neutrophilia with significant left shift and thrombocytosis
Diagnosis (continued)
Suspected Meningitis Tuberculosis
Treatment
Clinical meningitis, possibly bacterial, possibly TB
meningitis
First 2 months (initial phase): isoniazid and rifampicin and pyrazinamid and ethambutol (or streptomycin) daily, Followed by next 8 months (continuation phase): izoniazid and rifampicin daily Dexamethasone for tuberculous meningitis (Ref. p. 152)
Supportive Care
Maintain a clear airway Positioning and turning
(Ref. p. 172-174)
Fluid and nutritional management: Early attention to nutrition is crucial to outcome Nasogastric feeding early Continue to monitor the blood sugar level Fever control
Anticonvulsants
Oxygen if convulsions, respiratory distress or apnoea Physiotherapy
Monitoring
Nurses should monitor frequently the child's state of (Ref. p. 174): Level of consciousness Adequacy of breathing (airway, RR, oximetry)
Pupil size
Record and treat seizures Use a Monitoring chart (Ref. p. 320, 413)
Follow-up
On follow-up visit:
Follow-up family screening & TB contact tracing Monitor frequently if antituberculous treatment is taken at home
Summary
A case of probable tuberculous meningitis Think of tuberculous meningitis if the illness is prolonged there are other signs of TB (e.g. lymphadenopathy, malnutrition, family history) Children in coma are at risk of many complications that need to be anticipated: aspiration, hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, malnutrition, constipation, urinary retention, pressure sores, joint contractures Early attention to nutrition is very important