cpphtp4 PPT 16

Chapter 16 - Web Programming with CGI
Outline 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 16.6 16.7 16.8 16.9 16.10 16.11 16.12 16.13 16.14 16.15 16.16 16.17 Introduction HTTP Request Types Multi-Tier Architecture Accessing Web Servers Apache HTTP Server Requesting XHTML Documents Introduction to CGI Simple HTTP Transaction Simple CGI Script Sending Input to a CGI Script Using XHTML Forms to Send Input Other Headers Case Study: An Interactive Web Page Cookies Server-Side Files Case Study: Shopping Cart Internet and Web Resources
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.
16.1 Introduction Web server

Responds to client, provides resource (like XHTML page)
XHTML replacing HTML More information in Appendix B of book
URL is a request for a document Web server maps URL (Uniform Resource Locator) to file
Returns requested document
HTTP
Hypertext Transfer Protocol Platform independent Transfer requests and files over Internet
16.2 HTTP Request Types HTTP request methods (types)

Specifies how client makes requests of server Form
XHTML element with buttons, text fields, GUI components Used to enter data into a web page
Get
Used to send data to server; part of URL
www.searchsomething.com/search?query=userquery
Info after ? is user input (query string) Max limit on size (depends on server)
Post
User cannot see query fields Fields can exceed get size limit
16.3 Multi-Tier Architecture N-tier application (multi-tier)

Divide functionality Information tier
Stores data in database
Middle tier
Business and presentation logic Controls interaction of clients and data What is and is not allowed Processes data from information tier, presents to client
Client tier (top tier)

User interface (users act directly with this tier) Requests middle tier to get data from information tier
16.3 Multi-Tier Architecture
Client tier
Middle tier
Application
Information tier
Database
16.4 Accessing Web Servers Need URL to access Web server

Contains machine name (host name) Local Web server (on own machine)
localhost references local machine
Remote Web server (machine on network) Domain name

Represents group of hosts on Internet Combines with top-level-domain and host name (www.) Top-level-domain (.com, .org, etc.)
Domain Name Server (DNS) translates name to IP address

IP used by computers www.deitel.com is 63.110.43.82 localhost is always 127.0.0.1
16.5 Apache HTTP Server Popular Web server

Stability, cost (free), efficiency Open-source Runs on Unix, Linux, Windows
www.apache.org for download

Installation instructions at www.deitel.com
When running, command-prompt window opens
16.6 Requesting XHTML Documents Apache HTTP server

Store XHTML documents in htdocs directory
Windows, C:\Program Files\Apache Group\Apache For Linux, /usr/local/httpd (exact location may vary)
Copy test.html from Chapter 16 examples on CD-ROM

Put into htdocs
Request the document

Open http://localhost/test.html In Apache, root of URL refers to default directory
No need to enter directory name
16.6 Requesting XHTML Documents
10
16.7 Introduction to CGI Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

Enables applications to interact with Web servers
Indirectly interact with clients/Web browsers
Can make decision based on user input Dynamic Web pages

Content generated when page requested
Static Web pages

Exists before request made (like test.html)
"Common"
Not specific to any operating system or language Can use C, C++, Perl, Python, Visual Basic
11
16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction Get basic understanding of networking

HTTP
Describes methods and headers Allow server/client to interact in uniform, predictable way
Web page
Simplest form, XHTML document Plain text file, has markings (markup) to describe data <title>My Web Page</title> Indicates text between markup elements is title of web page
Hyperlinks
When user clicks, Web browser loads new page
12
16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction URL

http://www.deitel.com/books/downloads.html
http://
Use the HTTP protocol
www.deitel.com
Hostname of server
/books/downloads.html
Name of resource (downloads.html) Path (/books) Often a virtual directory, hides real location
13
16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction HTTP Transaction

Step 1: Send HTTP request to server
GET /books/downloads/html HTTP/1.1 Host: www.deitel.com
GET is HTTP method (client wants to get resource) Name and path of resource Protocol name and version number
Step 2: Server response

First line of response could be HTTP/1.1 200 OK HTTP/1.1 404 Not Found
14
16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction HTTP Transaction

Step 2: Server response (continued)
Send headers (info about data being sent) Content-Type: text/html
MIME types used by browser to process data image/gif text/plain Next, blank line Indicates end of HTTP headers Finally, contents of document sent
Client interprets XHTML, displays results
15
16.9 Simple CGI Script Altering a page continuously

Display current time or weather Manually editing is tedious However, can write C++ program easily
Program to output current time and date

time_t currentTime; // time_t defined in <ctime> time( &currentTime ); // asctime and localtime defined in <ctime> cout << asctime( localtime( &currentTime ) );
localtime returns pointer to "broken-down" time

Hours, seconds, minutes separate
asctime converts "broken-down" time into string

Wed Jul 31 13:10:37 2002
16
16.9 Simple CGI Script Now, need to output to Web browser

With CGI, redirect output to Web server itself Output goes to client's browser cout goes to standard output
When C++ program executed as CGI script Standard output redirected to client Web browser
To execute program
Put C++ executable in cgi-bin directory Changed extension from .exe to .cgi
localtime.cgi
To run script
http://localhost/cgi-bin/localtime.cgi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 16.5: localtime.cpp // Displays the current date and time in a Web browser. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <ctime>
17
Outline
localtime.cpp (1 of 2)
int main() { time_t currentTime;
// variable for storing time
// output header cout << "Content-Type:
Most of program creates the text HTTP response, containing the contents of the XHTML file. text/html\n\n";
// output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">";
time( &currentTime );
// store time in currentTime
2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

All rights reserved.
25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
// output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Current date and time</title></head>" << "<body><p>" << asctime( localtime( &currentTime ) ) << "</p></body></html>"; return 0;
18
Outline
localtime.cpp (2 of 2) localtime.cpp output (1 of 1)
Output the current time

} // end main

19
16.9 Simple CGI Script Program sends output to client via HTTP
Client treats it like a server response Reads header, XHTML elements, etc.
More detailed look

Step 1: Client request
http://localhost/cgi-bin/localtime.cgi
Properly configured server realizes CGI script Knows not to deliver it like a regular document
Step 2: Server runs script Step 3: Output of script goes to Web server Step 4: Server adds header (HTTP/1.1 200 OK)
Sends entire output to client, which processes and displays
20
16.9 Simple CGI Script To view output of script

Run localtime.cgi from command line
Just like in other chapters For Windows, change back to .exe
CGI programs must insert Content-Type

For XHTML file, Web server adds header
Content-Type: text/html <?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Current date and time</title> </head> <body> <p>Mon Jul 15 13:52:45 2002</p> </body> </html>
21
Outline
localtime.cgi output (1 of 1)

22
16.9 Simple CGI Script Environment variables

Info about client and server environment
Type of Web browser Location of document on server
getenv( const char * variableName )

Outputs value of environment variable
Tables in XHTML
<tr> table row start
Ends with </tr>
<td> new table cell

End with </td> <td> My data </td>
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
// Fig. 16.8: environment.cpp // Program to display CGI environment variables. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib>
23
Outline
environment.cpp (1 of 2)
int main() { string environmentVariables[ 24 ] = { "COMSPEC", "DOCUMENT_ROOT", "GATEWAY_INTERFACE", "HTTP_ACCEPT", "HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING", "HTTP_ACCEPT_LANGUAGE", "HTTP_CONNECTION", "HTTP_HOST", "HTTP_USER_AGENT", "PATH", "QUERY_STRING", "REMOTE_ADDR", "REMOTE_PORT", "REQUEST_METHOD", "REQUEST_URI", "SCRIPT_FILENAME", "SCRIPT_NAME", "SERVER_ADDR", "SERVER_ADMIN", "SERVER_NAME","SERVER_PORT","SERVER_PROTOCOL", "SERVER_SIGNATURE","SERVER_SOFTWARE" }; // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n";
Array of strings containing the various environment variables.

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
// output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Environment Variables</title></head>" << "<body>"; // begin outputting table cout << "<table border = \"0\" cellspacing = \"2\">"; // iterate through environment variables Use string function data for ( int i = 0; i < 24; i++ ) to output a C-style char *. cout << "<tr><td>" << environmentVariables[ i ] << "</td><td>" << getenv( environmentVariables[ i ].data() ) << "</td></tr>"; cout << "</table></body></html>"; return 0; } // end main
24
Outline
environment.cpp (2 of 2)

25
Outline
environment.cpp output (1 of 2)

26
Outline
environment.cpp output (2 of 2)

27
16.10 Sending Input to a CGI Script Supply any data to CGI script
Environment variable QUERY_STRING
Contains info appended to URL in get request

www.somesite.com/cgi-bin/script.cgi?state=California
Stores data following ? in QUERY_STRING

state=California Question mark delimiter (not stored in query string)
Upcoming example
Have user entry query string name=Jill&age=22
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
// Fig. 16.9: querystring.cpp // Demonstrating QUERY_STRING. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib> int main() { string query = getenv( "QUERY_STRING" ); // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">";
28
Outline
querystring.cpp (1 of 2)
Store QUERY_STRING, located in the URL.

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
// output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Name/Value Pairs</title></head>" << "<body>"; cout << "<h2>Name/Value Pairs</h2>"; // if query contained no data Link to URL with if ( query == "" ) cout << "Please add some name-value pairs to the string URL "inserted. << "above.<br/>Or try " << "<a href=\"querystring.cgi?name=Joe&age=29\">" << "this</a>."; // user entered query string else cout << "<p>The query string is: " << query << "</p>"; cout << "</body></html>"; return 0;
29
Outline
querystring.cpp (2 of 2) query
If query is not empty, print it.
} // end main

30
Outline
querystring.cpp output (1 of 2)

31
Outline
querystring.cpp output (2 of 2)

32
16.11 Using XHTML Forms to Send Input Typing input into URLs clumsy
Forms on Web pages Easy way to input information
Form element
action
Occurs when user submits form For us, will call CGI script
method
Type of HTTP request to use (GET, POST) Will demonstrate both types
XHTML form can have any number of elements
33
Element name input
type attribute value (for input elements) text password
Description Provides a single-line text field for text input.
Like text, but each character typed by the user appears as an asterisk (*). checkbox Displays a checkbox that can be checked (true) or unchecked (false). radio Radio buttons are like checkboxes, except that only one radio button in a group of radio buttons can be selected at a time. button A push button. submit A push button that submits form data according to the forms action. image The same as submit, but displays an image rather than a push button. reset A push button that resets form fields to their default values. file Displays a text field and button that allow the user to specify a file to upload to a Web server. When clicked, the button opens a file dialog that allows the user to select a file. hidden Hidden form data that can be used by the form handler on the server. These inputs are not visible to the user. Fig. 16.10 XHTML form elements.
34
Element name select
type attribute value (for input elements)
Description
textarea Fig. 16.10
Drop-down menu or selection box. This element is used with the option element to specify a series of selectable items. This is a multiline text field in which text can be input or displayed. XHTML form elements.
35
16.11 Using XHTML Forms to Send Input Example usage

<form method = "get" action = "getquery.cgi"> <input type = "text" name = "word"/> <input type = "submit" value = "Submit Word"/> </form>
word is a single-line text input box
When submit button pressed

word=wordEntered appended to QUERY_STRING
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
// Fig. 16.11: getquery.cpp // Demonstrates GET method with XHTML form. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib> int main() { string nameString = ""; string wordString = ""; string query = getenv( "QUERY_STRING" ); // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n";
36
Outline
getquery.cpp (1 of 3)
Get query string, if any. If this is the first time the page is loaded, this will be empty.

22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
// output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Using GET with Forms</title></head>" Create form. Note that << "<body>";
37
Outline
getquery.cpp (2 of 3)
// output xhtml form cout << "<p>Enter one of your favorite words here:</p>" << "<form method = \"get\" action = \"getquery.cgi\">" << "<input type = \"text\" name = \"word\"/>" << "<input type = \"submit\" value = \"Submit Word\"/>" << "</form>";
the form calls this CGI script when submit pressed.

40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63
// query is empty if ( query == "" ) cout << "<p>Please enter a word.</p>";
// user entered query string else { int wordLocation = query.find_first_of( "word=" ) + 5; wordString = query.substr( wordLocation ); // no word was entered if ( wordString == "" ) cout << "<p>Please enter a word.</p>";
On the first execution of this Outline script, query is empty. When the user enters a word, the script is run again. getquery.cpp (3 of 3)
38
Decode the query string on the second execution of the script.
// word was entered else cout << "<p>Your word is: " << wordString << "</p>"; } cout << "</body></html>"; return 0; } // end main

39
Outline
getquery.cpp output (1 of 2)

40
Outline
getquery.cpp output (2 of 2)

41
16.11 Using XHTML Forms to Send Input Previously, used GET

Now, use POST method Doesn't use QUERY_STRING Instead, CONTENT_LENGTH
Number of characters read by POST
Read data using cin

Use cin.read cin >> data waits for newline, which may never come Eventually will time out and script terminates
Other issues
URLs do not allow certain characters Spaces replaced by plus signs
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
// Fig. 16.12: post.cpp // Demonstrates POST method with XHTML form. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; #include <string>
42
Outline
post.cpp (1 of 3)
using std::string;
#include <cstdlib> int main() { char postString[ 1024 ] = ""; // variable to hold POST data string dataString = ""; string nameString = ""; string wordString = ""; Read CONTENT_LENGTH int contentLength = 0;
characters of POST data.
// content was submitted if ( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ) { contentLength = atoi( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ); cin.read( postString, contentLength ); dataString = postString; } // end if

29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
43
// output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output XHTML element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Using POST with Forms</title></head>" Create form as before, << "<body>";
Outline
post.cpp (2 of 3)
but use
method post.
// output XHTML form cout << "<p>Enter one of your favorite words here:</p>" << "<form method = \"post\" action = \"post.cgi\">" << "<input type = \"text\" name = \"word\" />" << "<input type = \"submit\" value = \"Submit Word\" />" << "</form>";

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
// data was sent using POST if ( contentLength > 0 ) { int nameLocation = dataString.find_first_of( "word=" ) + 5; int endLocation = dataString.find_first_of( "&" ) - 1; // retrieve entered word wordString = dataString.substr( nameLocation, endLocation - nameLocation ); // no data was entered in text field if ( wordString == "" ) cout << "<p>Please enter a word.</p>"; // output word else cout << "<p>Your word is: " << wordString << "</p>"; } // end if // no data was sent else cout << "<p>Please enter a word.</p>"; cout << "</body></html>"; return 0; } // end main
44
Outline
post.cpp (3 of 3)

45
Outline
post.cpp output (1 of 2)
Note that post hides the input from the URL.

46
Outline
post.cpp output (2 of 2)

47
16.12 Other Headers Several HTTP headers

Content-Type
Refresh: redirects client to new location after some time

Refresh: "5; URL = http://www.deitel.com/newpage.html"
Refreshes after 5 seconds Without URL, refreshes current page
Location: redirects client immediately

Location: http://www.deitel.com/newpage.html
Performed by server, client unaware
Status: change status response (i.e., 200 OK)

Status: 204 No Response
Indicates successful request, but no new page loaded
48
16.12 Other Headers Review of CGI interaction with servers

Output of headers and content via standard out Server setting environment variables
QUERY_STRING Getenv
POST data
Standard input
49
16.13 Case Study: An Interactive Web Page Web page to display weekly specials
Query for name and password For simplicity, does not encrypt Opening page static XHTML
POSTs data to portal.cgi portal.cgi display specials, if password correct
Note separation of functionality

One static XHTML page Requests a dynamic page
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  -->
50
Outline
travel.html (1 of 1)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Bug2Bug Travel</title> </head> <body> <h1>Welcome to Bug2Bug Travel</h1> <form method = "post" action = "/cgi-bin/portal.cgi"> <p>Please enter your name:</p> <input type = "text" name = "namebox" /> <input type = "password" name = "passwordbox" /> <p>password is not encrypted</p> <input type = "submit" name = "button" /> </form> </body> </html>

51
Outline
travel.html output (1 of 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
// Fig. 16.14: portal.cpp // Handles entry to Bug2Bug Travel. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; #include <string>
52
Outline
portal.cpp (1 of 3)
using std::string;
#include <cstdlib> int main() { char postString[ 1024 ] = ""; string dataString = ""; string nameString = ""; string passwordString = ""; int contentLength = 0; // data was posted if ( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ) contentLength = atoi( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) );

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
cin.read( postString, contentLength ); dataString = postString;
53
// search string for input data int namelocation = dataString.find( "namebox=" ) + 8; int endNamelocation = dataString.find( "&" );
Read POST data from standard input.
Outline
portal.cpp (2 of 3)
int password = dataString.find( "passwordbox=" ) + 12; int endPassword = dataString.find( "&button" ); // get values for name and password nameString = dataString.substr( namelocation, endNamelocation - namelocation ); passwordString = dataString.substr( password, endPassword password ); // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">";

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
// output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Bug2Bug Travel</title></head>" << "<body>"; // output specials cout << "<h1>Welcome " << nameString << "!</h1>" << "<p>Here are our weekly specials:</p>" << "<ul><li>Boston to Taiwan ($875)</li>" << "<li>San Diego to Hong Kong ($750)</li>" Check password, display << "<li>Chicago to Mexico City ($568)</li></ul>";
54
Outline
portal.cpp (3 of 3)
special if correct.
// password is correct if ( passwordString == "coast2coast" ) cout << "<hr /><p>Current member special: " << "Seattle to Tokyo ($400)</p>"; // password was incorrect else cout << "<p>Sorry. You have entered an incorrect " << "password</p>";
cout << "</body></html>"; return 0;

} // end main

55
Outline
portal.cpp output (1 of 2)

56
Outline
portal.cpp output (2 of 2)

57
16.14 Cookies Cookies

Small text files Web server sends the browser Stores information, track user's progress in site
Shopping cart Custom site settings Used by most major websites
Can keep track of identity, how often visit a site

For this reason, security/privacy concern Do not erase hard drive, breaking into computer Can be disabled
58
16.14 Cookies Creation

Output lines of text before header First line Set-Cookie:
Indicates that following data stored in cookie In our example, output post data, delimited with :
Expiration date
expires=+30d; Last for 30 days expires=Friday, 14-MAY-10 16:00:00 GMT;
Path
Specifies which servers in domain can read cookie If empty, any server in domain can read path=\n
59
16.14 Cookies Reading

dataString = getenv( "HTTP_COOKIE" );
Search for data fields
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">   <html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Writing a cookie to the client computer</title> </head> <body> <h1>Click Write Cookie to save your cookie data.</h1> <form method = "post" action = "/cgi-bin/writecookie.cgi"> <p>Name:<br /> <input type = "text" name = "name" /> </p>
60
Outline
cookieform.html (1 of 2)
<p>Age:<br /> <input type = "text" name = "age" /> </p>

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37
61
<p>Favorite Color:<br /> <input type = "text" name = "color" /> </p> <p> <input type = "submit" name = "button" /> </p> </form> </body> </html>
Outline
cookieform.html (2 of 2)

62
Outline
cookieform.html output (1 of 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
// Fig. 16.16: writecookie.cpp // Program to write a cookie to a client's machine. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; #include <cstdlib> #include <string> using std::string; int main() { char query[ 1024 ] = ""; string dataString = ""; string nameString = ""; string ageString = ""; string colorString = ""; int contentLength = 0;
63
Outline
writecookie.cpp (1 of 4)
Specify expiration date of cookie.
// expiration date of cookie string expires = "Friday, 14-MAY-10 16:00:00 GMT";

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
// data was entered if ( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ) { contentLength = atoi( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ); // read data from standard input cin.read( query, contentLength ); dataString = query; // search string for data and store locations int nameLocation = dataString.find( "name=" ) + 5; int endName = dataString.find( "&" ); int ageLocation = dataString.find( "age=" ) + 4; int endAge = dataString.find( "&color" ); int colorLocation = dataString.find( "color=" ) + 6; int endColor = dataString.find( "&button" ); // get value for user's name nameString = dataString.substr( nameLocation, endName nameLocation );
64
Outline
// get value for user's age if ( ageLocation > 0 ) ageString = dataString.substr( ageLocation, endAge ageLocation );

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
// get value for user's favorite color if ( colorLocation > 0 ) colorString = dataString.substr( colorLocation, Set cookie data (comes endColor - colorLocation );
65
Outline
before
other headers).
// set cookie cout << "Set-Cookie: Name=" << nameString << "age:" << ageString << "color:" << colorString << "; expires=" << expires << "; path=\n"; } // end if // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Cookie Saved</title></head>" << "<body>";

79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91
// output user's information cout << "<p>The cookies have been set with the following" << " data:</p>" << "<p>Name: " << nameString << "<br/></p>" << "<p>Age:" << ageString << "<br/></p>" << "<p>Color:" << colorString << "<br/></p>" << "<p>Click <a href=\"/cgi-bin/read_cookie.cgi\">" << "here</a> to read saved cookie data:</p>" << "</body></html>"; return 0; } // end main
66
Outline

67
Outline
writecookie.cpp output (1 of 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
// Fig. 16.17: readcookie.cpp // Program to read cookie data. #include <iostream> using std::cout; using std::cin; #include <cstdlib> #include <string> using std::string; int main() { string dataString = ""; string nameString = ""; string ageString = ""; string colorString = "";
68
Outline
readcookie.cpp (1 of 3)
Read cookie data.
dataString = getenv( "HTTP_COOKIE" ); // search through cookie data string int nameLocation = dataString.find( "Name=" ) + 5; int endName = dataString.find( "age:" );

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51
int ageLocation = dataString.find( "age:" ) + 4; int endAge = dataString.find( "color:" ); int colorLocation = dataString.find( "color:" ) + 6; // store cookie data in strings nameString = dataString.substr( nameLocation, endName nameLocation ); ageString = dataString.substr( ageLocation, endAge ageLocation); colorString = dataString.substr( colorLocation ); // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Read Cookies</title></head>" << "<body>";
69
Outline

52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67
// data was found if ( dataString != "" ) cout << "<h3>The following data is saved in a cookie on" << " your computer</h3>" << "<p>Name: " << nameString << "<br/></p>" << "<p>Age: " << ageString << "<br/></p>" << "<p>Color: " << colorString << "<br/></p>"; // no data was found else cout << "<p>No cookie data.</p>"; cout << "</body></html>"; return 0; } // end main
70
Outline

71
Outline
readcookie.cpp output (1 of 1)

72
16.15 Server-Side Files Files located on server

More secure way of maintaining important info Need permission to change files
Example
Post data to clients.dat
Password requested Example simplified

clients.dat stored in cgi-bin, publicly accessible No data validation (proper format for entries)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
<?xml version = "1.0"?> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">  -->
73
Outline
savefile.html output (1 of 2)
<html xmlns = "http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <title>Please enter your contact information</title> </head> <body> <p>Please enter your information in the form below.</p> <p>Note: You must fill in all fields.</p> <form method = "post" action = "/cgi-bin/savefile.cgi"> <p> First Name: <input type = "text" name = "firstname" size = "10" /> Last Name: <input type = "text" name = "lastname" size = "15" /> </p>

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47
<p> Address: <input type = "text" name = "address" size = "25" /> <br /> Town: <input type = "text" name = "town" size = "10" /> State: <input type = "text" name = "state" size = "2" /> <br/> Zip Code: <input type = "text" name = "zipcode" size = "5" /> Country: <input type = "text" name = "country" size = "10" /> </p> <p> E-mail Address: <input type = "text" name = "email" /> </p> <input type = "submit" value = "Enter" /> <input type = "reset" value = "Clear" /> </form> </body> </html>
74
Outline

75
Outline

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
// Fig. 16.19: savefile.cpp // Program to enter user's contact information into a // server-side file. #include <iostream> using using using using std::cerr; std::cout; std::cin; std::ios;
76
Outline
savefile.cpp (1 of 7)
#include <fstream> using std::ofstream; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib> int main() { char postString[ 1024 ] = ""; int contentLength = 0;

27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
// variables to store user data string dataString = ""; string firstname = ""; string lastname = ""; string address = ""; string town = ""; string state = ""; string zipcode = ""; string country = ""; string email = ""; // data was posted if ( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ) contentLength = atoi( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ); cin.read( postString, contentLength ); dataString = postString; // search for first '+' character int charLocation = dataString.find( "+" ); // search for next '+' character while ( charLocation < string::npos ) { dataString.replace( charLocation, 1, " " ); charLocation = dataString.find( "+", charLocation + 1 ); } // end while
77
Outline

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
78
// find location of firstname int firstStart = dataString.find( "firstname=" ) + 10; int endFirst = dataString.find( "&lastname" ); firstname = dataString.substr( firstStart, endFirst - firstStart ); // find location of lastname int lastStart = dataString.find( "lastname=" ) + 9; int endLast = dataString.find( "&address" ); lastname = dataString.substr( lastStart, endLast - lastStart ); // find location of address int addressStart = dataString.find( "address=" ) + 8; int endAddress = dataString.find( "&town" ); address = dataString.substr( addressStart, endAddress - addressStart );
Outline
// find location of town int townStart = dataString.find( "town=" ) + 5; int endTown = dataString.find( "&state" );
town = dataString.substr( townStart, endTown - townStart);

81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107
// find location of state int stateStart = dataString.find( "state=" ) + 6; int endState = dataString.find( "&zipcode" ); state = dataString.substr( stateStart, endState - stateStart ); // find location of zip code int zipStart = dataString.find( "zipcode=" ) + 8; int endZip = dataString.find( "&country" ); zipcode = dataString.substr( zipStart, endZip - zipStart ); // find location of country int countryStart = dataString.find( "country=" ) + 8; int endCountry = dataString.find( "&email" ); country = dataString.substr( countryStart, endCountry - countryStart ); // find location of e-mail address int emailStart = dataString.find( "email=" ) + 6; int endEmail = dataString.find( "&submit" ); email = dataString.substr( emailStart, endEmail - emailStart );
79
Outline

108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129
// output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">";
80
Outline
// output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Contact Information entered" Open clients.txt << "</title></head><body>";
for
writing.
// output to file ofstream outFile( "clients.txt", ios::app ); // file was not opened properly if ( !outFile ) { cerr << "Error: could not open contact file."; exit( 1 ); } // end if

130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157
81
// append data to clients.txt file outFile << firstname << " " << lastname << "\n" << address << "\n" << town << " " << state << " " << country << " " << zipcode << "\n" << email << "\n\n"; // output data to user cout << "<table><tbody>" << "<tr><td>First Name:</td><td>" << firstname << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>Last Name:</td><td>" << lastname << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>Address:</td><td>" << address << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>Town:</td><td>" << town << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>State:</td><td>" << state << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>Zip Code:</td><td>" << zipcode << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>Country:</td><td>" << country << "</td></tr>" << "<tr><td>Email:</td><td>" << email << "</td></tr>" << "</tbody></table>" << "</body>\n</html>\n";
Outline

158 159 return 0; 160 161 } // end main
82
Outline
savefile.cpp (7 of 7) savefile.cpp output (1 of 1)
clients.dat: Jane Doe 123 Main Street Boston MA USA 12345 jane@doe.com

83
16.16 Case Study: Shopping Cart Shopping cart

Record what user wants to purchase Add, remove items
Example at www.amazon.com
Add, remove items
This example
Buy books from virtual bookstore Four scripts, 2 server-side files, cookies First script: user login
Option to create new membership Add name/password pairs to userdata.txt
Password validation
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 16.21: login.cpp // Program to output an XHTML form, verify the // username and password entered, and add members. #include <iostream> using using using using std::cerr; std::cout; std::cin; std::ios;
84
Outline
login.cpp (1 of 11)
#include <fstream> using std::ifstream; using std::ofstream; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib> void header(); void writeCookie();
Write XHTML header information, set page title, etc.
Writes empty cookie to user's machine.

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49
int main() { char query[ 1024 ] = ""; string dataString = ""; // strings to store username and password string userName = ""; string passWord = ""; string newCheck = ""; int contentLength = 0; int endPassword = 0; // data was posted if ( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ) { // retrieve query string contentLength = atoi( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ); cin.read( query, contentLength ); dataString = query; // find username location int userLocation = dataString.find( "user=" ) + 5; int endUser = dataString.find( "&" );
85
Outline
login.cpp (2 of 11)
Get user data.

50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73
// find password location int passwordLocation = dataString.find( "password=" ) + 9; endPassword = dataString.find( "&new" ); // new membership requested if ( endPassword > 0 ) passWord = dataString.substr( passwordLocation, endPassword - passwordLocation ); // existing member else passWord = dataString.substr( passwordLocation ); userName = dataString.substr( userLocation, endUser userLocation ); } // end if
86
Outline
login.cpp (3 of 11)
If no data provided, show login form.
// no data was retrieved if ( dataString == "" ) { header(); cout << "<p>Please login.</p>";

74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89
// output login form cout << "<form method = \"post\" " << "action = \"/cgi-bin/login.cgi\"><p>" << "User Name: " << "<input type = \"text\" name = \"user\"/><br/>" << "Password: " << "<input type = \"password\" " << "name = \"password\"/><br/>" << "New? <input type = \"checkbox\"" << " name = \"new\" " << "value = \"1\"/></p>" << "<input type = \"submit\" value = \"login\"/>" << "</form>"; } // end if
87
Outline
login.cpp (4 of 11)

90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115
// process entered data else { // add new member if ( endPassword > 0 ) { string fileUsername = ""; string filePassword = ""; bool nameTaken = false;
88
If a new member, check that the name is not taken.
Outline
login.cpp (5 of 11)
// open password file ifstream userData( "userdata.txt", ios::in );

// could not open file if ( !userData ) { cerr << "Could not open database."; exit( 1 ); } // end if // read username and password from file while ( userData >> fileUsername >> filePassword ) { // name is already taken if ( userName == fileUsername ) nameTaken = true; } // end while

116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134
89
// user name is taken if ( nameTaken ) { header(); cout << "<p>This name has already been taken.</p>" << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/login.cgi\">" << "Try Again</a>"; } // end if
Outline
login.cpp (6 of 11)
// process data else {

// write cookie writeCookie(); header(); // open user data file ofstream userData( "userdata.txt", ios::app );

135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159
// could not open file if ( !userData ) { cerr << "Could not open database."; exit( 1 ); } // end if
90
Outline
After password saved login.cpp to file, (7 of 11) provide link for next page.
// write user data to file userData << "\n" << userName << "\n" << passWord;
cout << "<p>Your information has been processed." << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/shop.cgi\">" << "Start Shopping</a></p>";
} // end else } // end if // search for password if entered else { // strings to store username and password from file string fileUsername = ""; string filePassword = ""; bool authenticated = false; bool userFound = false;

160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186
// open password file ifstream userData( "userdata.txt", ios::in ); // could not open file if ( !userData ) { cerr << "Could not open database."; exit( 1 ); } // end if
91
Outline
login.cpp (8 of 11)
// read in user data while ( userData >> fileUsername >> filePassword ) {

// username and password match if ( userName == fileUsername && passWord == filePassword ) authenticated = true; // username was found if ( userName == fileUsername ) userFound = true; } // end while
// user is authenticated if ( authenticated ) { writeCookie(); header();

187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212
cout << "<p>Thank you for returning, " << userName << "!</p>" << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/shop.cgi\">" << "Start Shopping</a>"; } // end if // user not authenticated else { header();
92
Outline
login.cpp (9 of 11)
Registered user authenticated, provide link for next page.
// password is incorrect if ( userFound ) cout << "<p>You have entered an incorrect " << "password. Please try again.</p>" << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/login.cgi\">" << "Back to login</a>"; // user is not registered else cout << "<p>You are not a registered user.</p>" << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/login.cgi\">" << "Register</a>"; } // end else } // end else } // end if

213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237
93
cout << "</body>\n</html>\n"; return 0; } // end main // function to output header void header() { // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Login Page</title></head>" << "<body>"; } // end header
Outline
login.cpp (10 of 11)

238 239 240 241 242 243 244 245
// function to write cookie data void writeCookie() { string expires = "Friday, 14-MAY-04 16:00:00 GMT"; cout << "Set-Cookie: CART=; expires=" << expires << "; path=\n"; } // end writeCookie
94
Outline
login.cpp (11 of 11)
login.cpp output (1 of 3)

95
Outline

96
Outline

97
16.16 Case Study: Shopping Cart shop.cpp

Display books user can purchase
Get data from catalog.txt
Have "buy" form button

Value is ISBN number After pushed, run viewcart.cgi
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 16.22: shop.cpp // Program to display available books. #include <iostream> using using using using std::cerr; std::cout; std::cin; std::ios;
98
Outline
shop.cpp (1 of 5)
#include <istream>
#include <fstream> using std::ifstream; using std::ofstream; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib>
void header();

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
int main() { // variables to store product information char book[ 50 ] = ""; char year[ 50 ] = ""; char isbn[ 50 ] = ""; char price[ 50 ] = ""; string string string string bookString = ""; yearString = ""; isbnString = ""; priceString = "";
99
Outline
shop.cpp (2 of 5)
bool nameTaken = false; // open file for input ifstream userData( "catalog.txt", ios::in ); // file could not be opened if ( !userData ) { cerr << "Could not open database."; exit( 1 ); } // end if header(); // output header

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
// output available books cout << "<center><br/>Books available for sale<br/>" << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/logout.cgi\">Sign Out" << "</a><br/><br/>" << "<table border = \"1\" cellpadding = \"7\" >"; // file is open while ( userData ) {
100
Outline
shop.cpp (3 of 5)
// retrieve data from file userData.getline( book, 50 ); bookString = book;

userData.getline( year, 50 ); yearString = year; userData.getline( isbn, 50 ); isbnString = isbn; userData.getline( price, 50 ); priceString = price;

73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
cout << << << << <<
"<tr>" "<td>" "<td>" "<td>" "<td>"
101
<< << << << bookString << "</td>" yearString << "</td>" isbnString << "</td>" priceString << "</td>";
Outline
shop.cpp (4 of 5)
// file is still open after reads if ( userData )
// output form with buy button cout << "<td><form method=\"post\" " << "action=\"/cgi-bin/viewcart.cgi\">" << "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"add\"" << "value=\"true\"/>" << "<input type=\"hidden\" name=\"isbn\"" << "value=\"" << isbnString << "\"/>" << "<input type=\"submit\"" << "value=\"Buy\"/>\n" << "</form></td>\n";
cout << "</tr>\n";
} // end while
cout << "</table></center></body></html>"; return 0; }

100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117
102
// function to output header information void header() { // output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; // output html element and some of its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Login Page</title></head>" << "<body>"; } // end header
Outline
shop.cpp (5 of 5)

103
Outline
shop.cpp output (1 of 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 16.23: viewcart.cpp // Program to view books in the shopping cart. #include <iostream> using using using using std::cerr; std::cout; std::cin; std::ios;
104
Outline
viewcart.cpp (1 of 7)
#include <istream>
#include <fstream> using std::ifstream; using std::ofstream; #include <string> using std::string; #include <cstdlib>
void outputBooks( const string &, const string & );

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52
int main() { // variable to store query string char query[ 1024 ] = ""; char *cartData; // variable to hold contents of cart string dataString = ""; string cookieString = ""; string isbnEntered = ""; int contentLength = 0; // retrieve cookie data if ( getenv( "HTTP_COOKIE" ) ) { cartData = getenv( "HTTP_COOKIE" ); cookieString = cartData; } // end if // data was entered if ( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ) { contentLength = atoi( getenv( "CONTENT_LENGTH" ) ); cin.read( query, contentLength ); dataString = query; // find location of isbn value int addLocation = dataString.find( "add=" ) + 4; int endAdd = dataString.find( "&isbn" ); int isbnLocation = dataString.find( "isbn=" ) + 5;
105
Outline

53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77
// retrieve isbn number to add to cart isbnEntered = dataString.substr( isbnLocation ); // write cookie string expires = "Friday, 14-MAY-10 16:00:00 GMT"; int cartLocation = cookieString.find( "CART=" ) + 5; // cookie exists if ( cartLocation > 0 ) cookieString = cookieString.substr( cartLocation ); // no cookie data exists if ( cookieString == "" ) cookieString = isbnEntered; // cookie data exists else cookieString += "," + isbnEntered; // set cookie cout << "Set-Cookie: CART=" << cookieString << "; expires=" << expires << "; path=\n"; } // end if
106
Outline
Append to old cookie

78 // output header 79 cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n"; 80 81 // output XML declaration and DOCTYPE 82 cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" 83 << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " 84 << "Transitional//EN\" \"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1" 85 << "/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd\">"; 86 87 // output html element and some of its contents 88 cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" 89 << "<head><title>Shopping Cart</title></head>" 90 << "<body><center>" 91 << "<p>Here is your current order:</p>"; 92 93 // cookie data exists 94 if ( cookieString != "" ) 95 outputBooks( cookieString, isbnEntered ); 96 97 cout << "</body></html>\n"; 98 return 0; 99 100 } // end main
107
Outline

101 102 // function to output books in catalog.txt 103 void outputBooks( const string &cookieRef, const string &isbnRef ) 104 { 105 char book[ 50 ] = ""; 106 char year[ 50 ] = ""; 107 char isbn[ 50 ] = ""; 108 char price[ 50 ] = ""; 109 110 string bookString = ""; 111 string yearString = ""; 112 string isbnString = ""; 113 string priceString = ""; 114 115 // open file for input 116 ifstream userData( "catalog.txt", ios::in ); 117 118 // file could not be opened 119 if ( !userData ) { 120 cerr << "Could not open database."; 121 exit( 1 ); 122 } // end if 123
108
Outline

124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147
// output link to log out and table to display books cout << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/logout.cgi\">Sign Out"; cout << "</a><br><br>"; cout << "<table border = 1 cellpadding = 7 >"; // file is open while ( userData ) { // retrieve book information userData.getline( book, 50 ); bookString = book; // retrieve year information userData.getline( year, 50 ); yearString = year; // retrieve isbn number userData.getline( isbn, 50 ); isbnString = isbn; // retrieve price userData.getline( price, 50 ); priceString = price;
109
Outline

148 int match = cookieRef.find( isbn ); 149 150 // match has been made 151 if ( match > 0 || isbnRef == isbnString ) { 152 153 // output table row with book information 154 cout << "<tr>" 155 << "<form method=\"post\"" 156 << "action=\"/cgi-bin/viewcart.cgi\">" 157 << "<td>" << bookString << "</td>" 158 << "<td>" << yearString << "</td>" 159 << "<td>" << isbnString << "</td>" 160 << "<td>" << priceString << "</td>"; 161 162 } // end if 163 164 cout << "</form></tr>"; 165 166 } // end while 167 168 // output link to add more books 169 cout << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/shop.cgi\">Back to book list</a>"; 170 } // end outputBooks
110
Outline

111
Outline
viewcart.cpp output (1 of 1)

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
// Fig. 16.24: logout.cpp // Program to log out of the system. #include <iostream> using std::cout; #include <string> using std::string; #include <ctime> #include <cstdlib> void writeCookie(); int main() { // write the cookie writeCookie();
112
Outline
logout.cpp (1 of 3)
Call writeCookie to erase previous information.
// output header cout << "Content-Type: text/html\n\n";

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43
// output XML declaration and DOCTYPE cout << "<?xml version = \"1.0\"?>" << "<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC \"-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 " << "Transitional//EN\""; // output html element and its contents cout << "<html xmlns = \"http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml\">" << "<head><title>Logged Out</title></head>" << "<body>" << "<center><p>You are now logged out<br>" << "You will be billed accordingly<br>" << "To login again, " << "<a href=\"/cgi-bin/login.cgi\">click here</a>" << "</body></html>\n"; return 0; } // end main
113
Outline
logout.cpp (2 of 3)

44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54
// function to write cookie void writeCookie() { // string containing expiration date string expires = "Friday, 14-MAY-10 16:00:00 GMT"; // set cookie cout << "Set-Cookie: CART=; expires=" << expires << "; path=\n"; } // end writeCookie
114
Outline
logout.cpp (3 of 3) logout.cpp output (1 of 1)

cpphtp4 PPT 16

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

cpphtp4 PPT 16

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Chapter 16 - Web Programming with CGI

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.1 Introduction Web server

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.2 HTTP Request Types HTTP request methods (types)

16.3 Multi-Tier Architecture N-tier application (multi-tier)

Client tier (top tier)

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.3 Multi-Tier Architecture

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.4 Accessing Web Servers Need URL to access Web server

Remote Web server (machine on network) Domain name

Domain Name Server (DNS) translates name to IP address

16.5 Apache HTTP Server Popular Web server

www.apache.org for download

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.6 Requesting XHTML Documents Apache HTTP server

Copy test.html from Chapter 16 examples on CD-ROM

Request the document

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.6 Requesting XHTML Documents

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.7 Introduction to CGI Common Gateway Interface (CGI)

Can make decision based on user input Dynamic Web pages

Static Web pages

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction Get basic understanding of networking

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction URL

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction HTTP Transaction

Step 2: Server response

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.8 Simple HTTP Transaction HTTP Transaction

Client interprets XHTML, displays results

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.9 Simple CGI Script Altering a page continuously

Program to output current time and date

localtime returns pointer to "broken-down" time

asctime converts "broken-down" time into string

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

16.9 Simple CGI Script Now, need to output to Web browser

int main() { time_t currentTime;

// variable for storing time

// output header cout << "Content-Type:

// store time in currentTime

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Output the current time

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

More detailed look

16.9 Simple CGI Script To view output of script

CGI programs must insert Content-Type

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc. All rights reserved.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

16.9 Simple CGI Script Environment variables

getenv( const char * variableName )

<td> new table cell

Array of strings containing the various environment variables.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

2003 Prentice Hall, Inc.

Contains info appended to URL in get request