Chapter 8-4 Tourism Sustainable Development

Learning Objectives
1.

2.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

Explain the three major economic impacts of tourism on destination areas and how these impacts are measured Describe the strategies to maximize the economic impact of tourism and how tourisms role in economic development can be analyzed. Discuss the potentially negative social and cultural impacts of tourism on destination areas. Identify the positive social and cultural impacts that may result from tourism. Describe the potentially negative environmental impacts of tourism on destination areas. Identify the positive environmental impacts that may result from tourism. Explain the principles of sustainable tourism development.

Three Major Economic Impacts of Tourism

1. 2. 3.

Increasing foreign exchange earnings Increasing income Increasing employment

Strategies for Maximizing the Economic Impact of Tourism

1. 2. 3.

Encouraging import substitution Implementing incentive programs Dealing with multinational companies

Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

Damage to family structures and subsistence food

production. Displacement of local people to make way for airports, resorts, nature reserves, historical and other attraction sites, and other tourism development projects. Encouragement of behaviors such as begging, touting, and other harassment of visitors.

Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

Encouragement of urbanization and emigration. Friction and resentment between local people and

visitors because of overcrowding and lack of access for residents to recreational areas and facilities. Increase in health risks through diseases such as AIDS, malaria, hepatitis, and influenza.

Potentially Negative Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

Increase in drug abuse and prostitution. Open antagonism and crimes against visitors. Commercialization of traditional welcome and

hospitality customs. Loss of cultural identity. Overcrowding and damage to archaeological and historical sites and monuments.

Positive Socio-cultural Impacts of Tourism

May encourage attempts to keep culture and traditions

alive. Traditional ways and goods may be restored because visitors are interested and are willing buyers of these. Festivals staged for visitors help to keep local cultures alive.

Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Changes of land use. Congestion and air pollution. Contribution to worldwide environmental problems. Deterioration and disturbance of the natural

ecology. Deterioration of archaeological, historical, architectural, and natural sites.

Potentially Negative Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Impacts of foot traffic.
Pollution of beaches, lakes, rivers, and underground water. Visual clutter. Insufficient utility service capacities.

Positive Environmental Impacts of Tourism

Greater protection of specific ecosystems. More control of harmful economic activities

such as logging and commercial fishing. Part of visitor expenditures may be reinvested in research and better conservation programs. Greater understanding among local residents of environmental issues.

Principles of Sustainable Tourism Development

1. 2. 3.

Ecological sustainability Social and cultural sustainability Economic sustainability

Three main principles (McIntyre, 1993): Ecological sustainability Social and cultural sustainability Economic sustainability
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Economic sustainability

Economic Development and sociocultural protection

Economic growth Private profit Market expansion

Conservationism

Local self-reliance STD Social accountability Strengthen community identity

Ecological process Biological diversity Biological resources Carrying capacity

Social and cultural sustainability Deep ecology

Ecological sustainability
14 http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html

Ecological Sustainability

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 First, prior to departure, tourists purchase travel-related

clothing and equipment.

Second, when tourists travel long distances to tourist

destinations, they create considerable atmospheric pollution and other impacts on the global environment.

Third, upon arrival at the tourist destination, tourists

often continue their accustomed habits of consumption

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 high altitude emissions from long distance

air travel Marine dumping of wastes from cruise ships little public information is available on the environmental and social impacts of long distance travel

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 Degradation of local water and soil quality

into a vicious circle Reduced access by local residents to land, housing and marine resources

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 Green tourism & eco-tourism Solutions to tourism-related pollution in the travel

and tourism industry are technologically available. The industry has every opportunity to institute voluntary initiatives and self-regulation to address green tourism advocates and those calling for government regulation. The establishment of formal environmental management systems (EMSs) in each business establishment
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 The establishment of waste reduction

programs Appropriate waste management systems and infrastructure National governments and tourism businesses maintaining

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 Green Globe is a global

benchmarking, certification and management system that is based on Agenda 21 and principles of sustainable development endorsed by 182 Heads of State at the United Nations Rio de Janeiro Earth Summit. It provides companies and communities with a path to sustainable travel and tourism.

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a) an architectural concept of a symbiosis of buildings and nature b) eco-airport features that seek to preserve and foster the local eco-system c) the commitment to co-exist harmoniously with the surrounding community

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Cultural Sustainablility
----Positive ----Negative

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A better understanding between different civilizations Introduce the local traditions to the world Achieve the up-to-date theory and technology

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Regain the respect of many marginalized traditions Lead many traditions to their 2nd blooming

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Disrupt the original lifestyle. The different cultural background may result in a misunderstanding between visitors & local community. Leading to the increasing rate of crime, decrease the public morality.

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 Assimilation: Process of assimilating or

being assimilated. (Oxford Advanced Learners

English-Chinese Dictionary)

Vulgarization: Process of becoming vulgar,

reduce the profound meanings of traditions. Commercialization: More and more people tend to treat traditions with an attitude of making profit.
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According to the USA website: www.MSNBC.com, under the destruction of improper tourism developing, the Great Wall is disappearing at a daily-growing speed. Without effective protection, we wont see it in the next century.

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 See traditions in the light of development

Keep the essence, discard the dross

Treat cultural differences with

acceptance Education Emphasize the importance of treasuring the heritages Cultivate experts, protect the historical sites with up-to-date theory Balance the development and protection

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Economic Sustainability

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Positive Effects Increasing foreign exchange earnings Increasing income Increasing employment Stimulation of infrastructure development

Negative Effects Leakage Enclave tourism (cruise line) Infrastructure costs Increase in prices

Economic dependence of the local community on tourism Seasonal character of jobs Other industry impacts affecting tourism (economic crises)

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Encouraging Import Substitution

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Implementing Incentive Programs

Financial incentive Fiscal incentives

Cause an inflow of capital to develop the tourism destination mix

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Problems & Issues

Incentives are given base on what the competition is offering
The capital incentives maybe given when there are more extra labors

Program itself may cause some difficulties or problems

Managers may lose interest in the project or let quality standards run down when tax holiday comes to a close
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A Destination Should:
Examine the performance of other countries incentive programs in light of their resources and development objectives Research the actual needs of investors

Design codes of investment concessions related to specific development objectives, with precise requirements of the investors
Establish targets of achievement and periodically monitor and assess the level of realization of such targets
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Dealing with Multinational Tourism Companies

When the tourism has developed , the opportunity has arisen for the global expansion of large tourism companies. These multinational companies have been criticized for operating to benefit their own profitability at the expense of destination areas. And most multinational tourism companies have their head offices in the most developed countries. But those kind of companies usually generate lower foreign exchange receipts than do local hotels
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Limited Job Opportunities

Those multinational companies usually employ more professional managers rather than the local people. But some management contracts say that three to five years the management team must be made up of locals. At this points , the destination can really benefit from the foreign owned companies.

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Charter Issue

Visitors prefer to travel by an airline of their country of origin rather than by the airline of the destination country for the quality and safety issue. So sometimes the lease of aircraft from developed countries is necessary , especially for developing countries

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Tour Operators

Tour operators can influence the destination a lot . So if destination areas become totally dependent on foreign tour operators , they risk losing control of tourism development, and also foreign exchange revenues may suffer. In addition, by dealing with operators who specialize in smaller but more specialized markets, there is more chance that local inbound operators will be used.

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Foreign Currency

Some countries have limited the amount of their own currency that visitors can bring into and take out to ensure that foreign currency is used to pay bills within the destination. Some destinations may have some strict requirements of currency to the visitors. And also some requirements about currencies for the foreign tour operators.

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Coopetition

The definition of coopetition is the need for cooperation among tourism destinations in order to better market the tourism product effectively and meet the competition at the regional or global level.

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Government
Small community A
Co op eti tio n

Business

Coop etitio Non-profit n

Small Community B

Figure1.1 Venn diagram of government, business and non-profit coopetition

Figure1.2 Venn diagram of two small communities practicing coopetition

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Economic Analysis Methods Cost / Benefit

Analysis
Structural Analysis Satellite National Accounting
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Cost /Benefit Analysis

-------A technique used to determine which economic sector produces the most benefit in terms of foreign exchange , employment , taxes , or income generated relative to the costs of development.

Disadvantage: the results of cost/benefit analysis are too dependent on the appropriateness of its assumptions. It is not possible to check actual performance against prediction.
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Structural Analysis
As growth occurs, long-term economic changes can be tracked through structural analysis. There are three different processes must be studied: (1) Accumulation processes( investment, government revenue, education) (2) Resource allocation process( structure of domestic demand, production and trade) (3) Demographic and distribution process ( labor allocation , urbanization, demographic transition, income distribution)
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Satellite National Accounting

The World Tourism Organization and World Travel & Tourism Council support the concept of analyzing tourism through a satellite account for tourism. In essence, this means adding up the impacts of tourism that have traditionally been allocated to other economic sectors.

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 Meets the needs of present without

compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. World Commission on Environment and Development (1987)

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 The use of natural resources to support

economic activity without compromising the environments carrying capacity, which is its ability to continue producing those economic goods and services. Manning and Dougherty (1995)

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 Tourism which is developed and maintained in

an area (community, environment) in such a manner and such a scale that it remains viable over an indefinite period and does not degrade or alter the environment (human and physical) in which it exists to such a degree that it prohibits the successful development and well-being of other activities and processes. Butler (1993)
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51 http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm

 It tries its utmost to maintain the importance of

local culture and tradition. It is informatory, as it doesnt only let tourist know about the destinations but also it helps locals knowing about the culture and civilizations of tourists. It is aimed to conserve the resources of destinations where one is visiting to. It seeks deeper involvement of locals, which provide local people an opportunity and make their living. It stresses pointedly upon integrity of the tourist places.
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 This WTO report recommends that tourism

needs to be developed to satisfy three broad principles (Ding and Pigram, 1995): 1. To improve the quality of life of the host community. 2. To provide a high-quality experience for visitors. 3. To maintain the quality of environment on which both the host community and the visitors depend.
McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: 53 Guide for Local Planners. MadridWorld Tourism Organization.

Economic viability Local prosperity Employment quality Social equity Visitor fulfillment Local control Community wellbeing Cultural richness Physical integrity Biological diversity Resource efficiency Environmental purity
54 Making Tourism More Sustainable: A Guide for Policy Makers, in September 2005 released by UNEP and WTO.

Provinces

Central Government
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 Oct. 25.1995, the United Nations released Paris

Declaration: In 21 century, the only way for mankind to survive is to learn the essence from Confucius 2500 years ago. Government--Official members who involve in policy-setting and planning need to recognize and give equal consideration to both potential positive and negative effects of tourism. Private sectors-- consciously balance the interests of profit, environment, and social and culture. Community-- Local people must play a key role in determining the future of tourism in their community.
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References
McIntyre, G. 1993. Sustainable Tourism Development: Guide for Local

Planners. MadridWorld Tourism Organization. Manning, E. W., and T. D. Dougherty. 1995. Sustainable tourism: Preserving the golden goose. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 36 (2):29-42. Butler, R. W. 1993. Pre- and Post-Impact Assessment of Tourism Development. Tourism research: Critiques and challenges. New York: Routledge. 135-155. Ding, P., and J. Pigram, 1995. Environmental audits: An emerging concept in sustainable tourism development. Journal of Tourism Studies, 6 (2):2-10. David L . Edgell, Srand R. Todd Haenisch.(1995). Coopetition: Global Tourism Beyond the Millennium, 2. From Newspaper article Coopetition is needed in eastern N.C , The Daily Reflector, Greenville, North Carolina, 04 November 2004. Robert Christie Mill and Alastair M . Morrison. (2006). The Tourism System. US: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Yongjin Deng, Folklore-based Tourism, Yunnan University Press Zhaoxiang Ba, National folklore Tourism, Fujian Peoples Publishing House Xing Xiao, The Development of the Chinese Tourism Resources, China Travel & Tourism Press 57

References
http://www.ecoindia.com/sustainable-tourism.html http://www.sectur.gob.mx/wb/secturing/sect_ing_destinations_care/_rid/95

95/_mto/3/_wst/maximized?imp_act=imp_step3&page=0 http://www.trp.dundee.ac.uk/library/pubs/set.html http://www.cadi.ph/sustainable_development.htm http://www.world-tourism.org/ http://www.wttc.org/ http://www.msnbc.com/ http://dlib.cnki.net/kns50/detail.aspx?filename=2007096274.nh&dbname= CMFD2007 http://www.scribd.com/doc/2931610/ARCHAEOLOGY-TOURISMAND-SUSTAINABLE-DEVELOPMENThttp://www.wttc.org/bin/pdf/temp/progresspriorities05-06.html

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The End !

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