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Alan Tucker
Section 1.4 Planar Graphs
Prepared by Michele Fretta and Jessica Scheld
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Planar Graphs
A graph is planar if it can be drawn on a plane without edges crossing. A plane graph is a planar depiction of a planar graph.
Figure 1
c f
c d
Map coloring
A
E C D
F
G
We need 4 colors to color the map without any bordering countries having the same color.
Its easier to see it in the second representation of the graph, since it shows that A,B,C,D are a separate subgraph from D,E,F,G. Thus, we would need no more than 4 colors. Note that this dual graph does not include an outer region.
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Circle-Chord Method
(one method of determining if a graph is planar)
What we want is to prove that some graph is planar (no edges cross). The circle-chord method:
Step 1: Find a circuit that contains all the vertices of our graph (draw it as a large circle)
Note: Finding a circuit which includes all vertices is difficult. Recall: circuit is a path that ends where it began
Step 2: The remaining non-circuit edges, called chords, must be drawn either inside or outside the circle in a planar drawing.
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Step 1
a b c d
b h
Step 2
Step 2: Choose a chord to draw, either inside or outside the circle. For example, we will start with the chord (b,f), drawing it outside the circle.
a
f e
b
h d
1 2
K 3,3 Configuation
Note: A subgraph is a K 3,3 configuration if it can be obtained from a K 3,3 by adding vertices in the middle of some edges. A K 5 configuration is defined similarly. Finding the configuration can be tricky.
1 6 5 3 4
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A K 3,3configuration proves a graph is nonplanar. It has 6 vertices of degree 3, plus some number of vertices of degree 2 that subdivide the edges of it. Here those vertices are 3 and 6.
In order to find a K 3,3 configuration, eliminate vertices of degree 2 that subdivide edges of it. The remaining graph looks like the depiction of K 3,3 earlier.
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3
12
This is important because there are many different plane graph depictions that can be drawn for a planar graph, however, the number of regions will not change.
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G1
v1 2 e1 1 r1 1
G1 , since
Let (x,y) be the n edge that is added to There are two cases to consider.
th
Gn 1 to get Gn .
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Each side of Eulers formula grows by one. So, if the formula was true for Gn 1, it will also be true for
Gn .
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rn rn 1 en en 1 1
vn vn 1 1
So, the value on each side of Eulers equation is unchanged. The validity of Eulers formula for Gn 1 implies its validity for Gn . By induction, Eulers formula is true for all Gn s and the full graph G.
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(degrees of vertices) 2e
(10*3) 30 2e 15= e
Corollary
If G is a connected planar graph with e > 1, then e 3v 6 Proof:
Define the degree of a region as the number of edges on its boundary. If an edge occurs twice along the boundary, then count it twice. The region K has degree 12.
K
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Exercise:
Is this graph planar?
a Step 1: Draw a circuit e d b
abedcfa
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Exercise (contd)
Step 2: Draw the circuit as a circle. Step 3: Add the remaining edges.
a b
a f b c e d
d
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