Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Conservation of Mass

Antoine Lavoisier (1743-1794) Father of Chemistry
established chemistry as a quantitative science demonstrated by experiments with careful measurements that combustion involves the reaction of a substance with oxygen when combustion is carried out in a closed container, there is no net change in mass1

Laws of Chemical Combination

objects studied behave in a pattern and its behavior can be predicted patterns of reactivity clues to the fundamental structure of all matter convincing evidence that elements consist of atoms

Laws of Chemical Combination

Observed patterns of behavior of matter are summarized as:
Law of Conservation of Mass Law of Definite Proportion Law of Multiple Proportion

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Conservation of Mass Lavoisiers Expt.
reddish orange compound of mercury
mass of compound

mercury + gas

= mass of mercury + mass of gas

mass at start of rxn = mass after completion of rxn.

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Conservation of Mass
In a chemical reaction, the total mass of the starting materials (reactant) is equal to the total mass of the materials produced (product).

mass is neither gained nor lost in a chemical change, mass is conserved

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Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Definite Proportion
Joseph Proust in 1799
pointed out that a compound is a substance to which nature assigns a fixed ratio.

showed that copper carbonate, whether prepared in the laboratory or obtained from natural sources, contained the same 3 elements; copper, carbon and oxygen and always in the same proportions (by mass)
CuCO3: Cu (63.55u) C (12.01u) O (3 x 16.00 = 48u)

5.3 parts Cu: 4 parts O: 1 part C

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Definite Proportion
A pure chemical substance, contains the same elements in the same definite proportion by mass of its elements.

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Definite Proportion
Illustrate:
lead + (soft gray metal) 10.00 g
lead 10.00 g lead 18.00 g + +

sulfur (yellow powder) 1.56 g

sulfur 3.00 g sulfur 1.56 g

lead sulfide (shiny black solid) 11.56 g

lead sulfide + sulfur 11.56 g 1.44 g lead sulfide + lead 11.56 g 8.00 g

lead 20.00 g

sulfur 3.12 g

lead sulfide 23.12 g

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Definite Proportion
mass S/mass Pb = 1.56 constant for all the reactions above

the reactions where there are unreacted or excess reactants illustrate the concept of limiting reactant:
mass of product formed from the reaction of 2 elements is fixed by the mass of one element.

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Multiple Proportion
John Dalton
was able to predict a regularity in the weight relations in the case of the same 2 elements forming 2 (or more) different compounds. In different compounds of the same elements, the different masses of one element that combine with a fixed mass of the other element are in the ratio of small whole numbers.

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Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Multiple Proportion
Illustrate: 1. 2.0 g H combines w/ 16 g O to form water, H2O 2.0 g H combines w/ 32 g O to form hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 mass of O combining with 2 g H in H2O2 = 32 g mass of O combining with 2 g H in H2O = 16 g 32/16 =2
2. 14.0 g N combines w/ 16 g O to form nitric oxide, NO 14.0 g N combines w/ 32 g O to form nitrogen dioxide, NO2 mass of O combining with 14.0 g N in NO2 = 32 g mass of O combining with 14.0 g N in NO = 16 g 11 32/16 =2

Laws of Chemical Combination

Law of Multiple Proportion
3. 14.0 g N combines w/ 32 g O to form nitrogen dioxide, NO2 14.0 g N combines w/ 8 g O to form nitrous oxide, N2O mass of O combining with 14.0 g N in NO2 = 32 g mass of O combining with 14.0 g N in N2O = 8 g 32/8 = 4
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CHEMICAL

ARITHMETIC

in studying matter, we need to see and be able to count, weigh and measure exact volumes of substances . measure samples of elements that would contain their atoms in the specific ratios needed. difficult to weigh a single atom because its very minute. smallest speck of dust that is visible to the eye has 1 x 1016 particles. from Daltons work possible to determine experimentally the mass of one atom relative to 13 another atom.

CHEMICAL
ATOMIC MASS

ARITHMETIC

Assign a value to the mass of 1 atom of a given element which is called the reference or standard. By international agreement, the reference atom element chosen was carbon-12 (most abundant isotope of C with 6 p and 6 n). 1 amu = mass exactly equal to 1/12 the mass of 1 C-12 atom Mass of 1 C-12 atom = 12 amu
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CHEMICAL
ATOMIC MASS

ARITHMETIC

In choosing the amu of this size, the atomic masses of nearly all the other elements are almost whole numbers with the lightest atom (hydrogen, most abundant isotope 1H ) having a mass of 1 u.

Reason for choosing C-12 as the reference or standard:

Experimentally, the H atom, on the average, is 8.400% as massive as the standard C-12 atom
Hence, atomic mass of H = 0.08400 x 12 amu
= 1.008 amu
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CHEMICAL
ATOMIC MASS

ARITHMETIC

Significance: allows for counting of atoms

If we take the relative mass of one element in any mass unit (e.g. 32.1 g of S). This mass will contain the same number of atoms as would be found in the relative mass of some other element in the same units (e.g. 16.0 g of O)
Relative mass No. of atoms

S O

32 g 16 g

x y x=y
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CHEMICAL
ATOMIC MASS

ARITHMETIC

Average atomic mass average atomic mass of all naturally occurring mixture of the isotopes of a particular element. Atomic mass of C in the periodic table = 12.01 amu
Isotope Mass (u) Natural abundance (%R. A.) C-12 12.00000 98.89 C-13 13.00335 1.11 Average atomic mass of C = 0.9889 (12.00000u) + 0.0111 (13.00335u) = 12.01 u
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CHEMICAL

ARITHMETIC

MOLECULAR/FORMULA MASS
atoms combine to form molecules, ions Molecular mass - the sum of the atomic masses

of the atoms in a given chemical formula of a molecule or covalent compound.

Formula Mass - the sum of the atomic masses of

the atoms in a given chemical formula of either a molecule or a formula unit of an ionic compound. - more general term can be used for both molecules(covalent cpd.) or formula units (ionic compound)

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CHEMICAL

ARITHMETIC

MOLECULAR/FORMULA MASS
Chemical Formula of a substance: represent the kind and number of atoms of the respective elements in a molecular or formula unit of a compound.

Example:

a) Calculate the formula mass of aluminum hydroxide Correct chemical formula: Al3+ OH-

Al(OH)3

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CHEMICAL

ARITHMETIC

MOLECULAR/FORMULA MASS
Al(OH)3
Kind of No. of atoms atom Al 1 O 3 Atomic mass (u) 27.0 16.0 Mass of element (u) 27.0 48.0

1.00

3.0
78.0
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Formula Mass

CHEMICAL
Example:

ARITHMETIC

MOLECULAR/FORMULA MASS
b) Calculate the formula mass of ammonium sulfate Correct chemical formula: NH4+ SO42No. of atom 2 Atomic mass (u) 2(14.0) Mass of element (u) 28.0 8.0 32.0 64.0 132
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Kind of atoms N H S O

(NH4)2SO4

8 8(1.0) 1 1(32) 4 4(16) Formula mass

CHEMICAL
Example:

ARITHMETIC

MOLECULAR/FORMULA MASS
c) Calculate the formula mass of saccharin Correct chemical formula: C7H5NO3S
Kind of atoms No. of atoms Atomic mass (u) Mass of element (u)

C
H N O S

7
5 1 3 1

7(12.0)
5(1.0) 1(14) 3(16) 1(32)

84.0
5.0 14.0 48.0 32.0 183
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Formula mass

CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

atoms react in simple whole number ratios atoms and molecules are too small to be seen much more to be counted chemists have devised a method of expressing very small amounts into something measurable to keep track of the number of atoms, or molecules that enter a chemical reaction atoms and molecules are counted by relating number to mass
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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

counting units used by chemists. number of C-12 atoms contained in 12.0000 g of 12C

1 mole has 6.023 x 1023 particles (atoms, molecules, ions etc.); Avogadros Number
magnifier of the micro to macro collective term that x a particle by 6.023 x 1023 similar to the dozen relates number to mass
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CHEMICAL
material 1 egg
1 dozen eggs

ARITHMETIC
mass ~ 42 g
~ 500 g

MOLE CONCEPT
no. of particles 1 pc.
12 pcs.

1 C atom 1 mole C atom

1 H2O molecule 1 mole of H2O 1 oxygen atom

12.0000 amu 1 atom 12.01 g

18 amu 18 g 16 amu

6.023 x 1023 atoms

1 molecule 6.023 x 1023 molecules 1 atom 6.023 x 1023 atoms
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1 mole oxygen atom 16 g

CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT
Example:
In 1 mol of H2O;

ARITHMETIC

a) How many molecules of H2O?

Given: 1 mol H2O x

= 6.023 x 1023 H2O molecules

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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

Applying the mole concept:

Consider the compound, water, H2O:

Microscopically; 1 molecule of H2O has 2 atoms

of H, and 1 atom of O

Macroscopically, 1 mole of H2O has 2 moles of H

atoms, and 1 mole of O atoms
Number of moles of any substance (element /compound);

mass, g n= molar mass, g

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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT
Example:

ARITHMETIC

In 1 mol of H2O; b) How many hydrogen atoms?

23 2 mol H atoms 6.023 x 10 H atoms Given: 1 mol H2O x x 1 mol H2O 1 mol H atoms

= 12.046 x 1023 H atoms

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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT
Example:

ARITHMETIC

In 1 mol of H2O; c) How many oxygen atoms?

1 mol O atoms 6.023 x 1023 O atoms x Given: 1 mol H2O x 1 mol H2O 1 mol O atoms
= 6.023 x 1023 O atoms
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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

Dimensional analysis or ratio and proportion

mole
MM AN

mass

MM

AN

no. of particles

Qty being asked for = Given qty. X Unit conversion factor

Units of qty.asked for = units of given qty x

units qty. asked for 30 units of given qty.

CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

Mole to mass:
Calculate the mass of 2 mols of sulfur.
Given: 2 mol S Find: mass (g)

Unit conversion factor, MM; 32.07 g = 1 mol S 1mol S or 32.07 g 32.07 g 1 mol S

Soln:
Mass of S = 2 mol S x 32.07 g = 64.14 g 1 mol S
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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

Number of particles to moles:

How many moles of Ag contain 1.8 x 1024 Ag atoms?
Given: 1.8 x 1024 Ag atoms Find: mol Ag

Unit conversion factor, AN; 1 mol Ag = 6.02 x 1023 Ag atoms 1_mol Ag_______ or 6.023 x 1023 atoms 6.023 x 1023 atoms 1 mol Ag

Soln:
mol Ag = 1.8 x 1024 Ag atoms x 1 mol Ag___________ 6.023 x 1023 Ag atoms

= 3.0 mol Ag

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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

Mass to Number of particles:

How many oxygen molecules are in 10.0 g of the gas?
Given: 10 g oxygen Find: no. molecules

Unit conversion factor: AN; 1 mol O2 = 6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules MM; 1 mol O2 = 32 g

Soln:
No. of molecules = 10 g O2 x 1 mol O2_x 6.02 x 1023 O2 molecules 32 g 1 mol O2

= 1.88 x 1023 O2 molecules

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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT
Given: 0.400 mol LiNO3
Find: 1) mass in g of LiNO3

ARITHMETIC

Soln:
mass, g = 0.400 mol LiNO3 x 68.95 g__ = 27.58 g 1 mol LiNO3
Find: 2) mol of oxygen atoms

Soln:
mol O atoms = 0.400 mol LiNO3 x 3 mol O atoms 1 mol LiNO3 = 1.2 mol O atoms
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CHEMICAL
MOLE CONCEPT

ARITHMETIC

Given: 0.400 mol LiNO3

Find: 3) mass in g of nitrogen atoms Soln:
mass, g = 0.400 mol LiNO3 x 1 mol N __ x 14 g_ 1 mol LiNO3 1 mol N = 5.60 g N
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CHEMICAL

ARITHMETIC

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
By the Law of definite composition or Law of definite proportion, a compound always has the same elements in the same ratio by mass

e.g. H2O
100% 100 g 18 g 11.1% H 11.1 g H 2gH 88.9% O 88.9 g O 16 g O

in general percent composition is taken to mean by mass unless otherwise specified such as volume 36

CHEMICAL
Problem:

ARITHMETIC

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
1. A compound was found to contain 6.0 g carbon and 2 g hydrogen. What is the percent composition by mass of the compound? Given: Soln: C 6.0 g 6.0g / 8.0g x 100 = 75 % H 2.0 g Compd. 8.0 g 2.0g / 8.0g x 100 = 25 % 100 %
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CHEMICAL
Problem:

ARITHMETIC

PERCENTAGE COMPOSITION
2. A compound is composed of 69.94% iron and 30.06% oxygen. a) how many g of iron are there in 235.0 g of this compound? Given: Fe = 69.94 %; Find: Soln: mass in g of Fe O = 30.06 %; cpd.= 235 g

Mass,g Fe = 235 g cpd. X 69.94 g Fe

100 g compound
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= 164 g Fe

CHEMICAL
Empirical Formula

ARITHMETIC

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

MM simplest formula chemical formula that shows the: %C kind of atoms/elements relative number (simplest ratio)

Molecular Formula

actual formula chemical formula that shows the: kind of atoms/elements actual number of atoms of each element
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n = Molecular Formula wt. Empirical formula wt

CHEMICAL
Sample Problem 1.

ARITHMETIC

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

A 0.545 g sample of aluminum burns completely in oxygen, producing 1.030 g of aluminum oxide. Find the empirical formula of the oxide.
Element mass,g Al O molar mass,g mole 0.0202 0.0303 mole ratio 1 x (2) = 2 1.5 x (2) = 3

0.545 27.0 (1.030-0.545) 16.0

E.F. = Al2O3
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CHEMICAL

ARITHMETIC

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

Sample Problem 2. When 28.0 g of nitrogen was made to react with an excess amount of hydrogen, 32.0 g of hydrazine (a cpd. of N & H) was formed. a) Calculate the % composition by mass of hydrazine.
%N = 28.0 g x 100 32.0 g = 87.5 % %N = 87.5 % %H = 12.5 % %H = (32.0 g 28.0 g) x 100 32 g = 12.5 %

or = 100% - 87.5% = 12.5 41 %

CHEMICAL
Sample Problem 2.

ARITHMETIC

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

b) Determine the empirical formula of hydrazine.
Determine the mass of component atoms in 100 g compound; 100 g compound 87.5 g N 12.5 g H Determine the number of moles of each component atom; mol N = 87.5 g/14.0 g/mol = 6.25 mol mol H = 12.5 g/1.008. g/mol = 12.5 mol

Determine the molar ratio of the component atoms by dividing with the least number of moles. N = 6.25/6.25 = 1 subscripts of atoms in the H = 12.5/6.25 = 2 empirical formula

E.F. = NH2

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CHEMICAL
Sample Problem 2.

ARITHMETIC

EMPIRICAL AND MOLECULAR FORMULA

c) Determine the molecular formula of hydrazine if the mass of 1 mol is 32.0 g.
Determine the empirical formula weight, NH2 = 14.0 + 2 (1.008) = 16.0 g
Determine n, the ratio of molecular formula weight (molar mass) with the empirical formula weight;

n = MFWt. / EFWt. = 32.0 g / 16.0g = 2 Multiply the subscripts of the atoms in the EF by n to get MF;
MF = (EF)n = (NH2)2 = N2H4

MF = N2H4

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