TIME DEPENDENT PROPERTIES OF FIBRES

Presented By: Swati Sharma

INTRODUCTION
Time dependent properties study of different properties of the fibres with respect to the time. Time dependent study is important because it provides means of predicting behavior in real situation.

METHODS USED AT DIFFERENT TIME SCALES ARE AS FOLLOW

Creep: long times, from 1 minute to 1 month. Stress relaxation: medium to long times, from 1 second to 1 hour. Stress strain curves, including impact methods: short to medium times, from 1/100 second to 10 minutes. Dynamic testing: short times, from 0.1 millisecond to 1 second.
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CREEP
Creep is time dependent deformation under constant load for a long time. The total extension under applied load may therefore be divided into three parts: Immediate elastic deformation , which is instantaneous and recoverable (a-b and d-e). Primary creep , which is recoverable in time (e-f) . The secodary creep , which is non-recoverable(g-h ) .

CREEP UNDER CONSTANT LOAD AND RECOVERY UNDER ZERO LOAD

PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CREEP OF VISCOSE RAYON AT 60% R.H

GENERALIZED CREEP CURVES

The creep of viscose rayon at various loads shows a certain regularity when the elongation divided by the stress was plotted against the time The creep curves obtained at various loads and can be fitted to a single master curve by vertical and lateral shift and by multiplying the elongation scale by an appropriate factor

GENERALISED CREEP CURVES FOR VISCOSE RAYON AT 6% R.H .

INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FACTORS ON CREEP

Humidity: Creep increases with the humidity. The change is small below 40% r.h. but considerable at higher humidity.

Temperature: Creep of fibre increases as the temperature increased

STRESS RELAXATION
Progressive loss of stress (load) over time under constant strain(deformation) is known as stress relaxation. Both linear elastic and viscous fluid behaviors are present. The material does not completely recover. There is both elasticity and plasticity
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STRESS STRAIN CURVES

Stress strain tests take some time, and consequently there is an opportunity for creep to occur. The slower the test, the more time there is available, and thus the greater the extension at a given load Because of creep, the slower curves are nearer to the strain axis than the faster curves. There are two reasons for this: 1. Near the end of the test, there has been more time for creep 2. above the yield point the rate of creep is greater
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Stress strain curves at various rates of extension viscose rayon

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DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRE AND CRL

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 The stress strain curves obtained for a fibre thus depend on the time taken in the test and on the way in which the time is distributed

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DYNAMIC TESTING
Technique used to study and characterize materials One way is to use an impact test. In this method, a moving large mass is engaged with one end of the specimen, while the other end is held fixed and connected to a load-measuring device. The dynamic tests explained here are of two types (1) cyclic loading (2) tests in such a short time that the propagation of the stress wave means that the stress cannot be regarded as constant along the specimen
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Let at ant time t ,stress is = f and strain = e at time t A sinusoidal strain is applied and the stress in the material is measured.

where em is the strain amplitude, and is the angular frequency in radians/second

where fm is the stress amplitude and is the angular phase difference

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Dynamic structures and steady-state response: (a) imposed sinusoidal strain variation; (b) stress variation for linear viscoelastic material; (c) Stress variation for a non-linear material, showing also a longer-term trend
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 The subject is complicated by the number of ways in which the dynamic behavior can be represented 1) modulus from ratio of amplitudes = f m/ e m 2) phase angle or loss angle = 3) in - phase modulus (usually termed dynamic modulus )

4) It is a measure of how well a material can get rid of energy and is reported as the tangent of the phase angle also known as dissipation factor.

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METHODS OF DYNAMIC TESTING

Direct observation of stress strain loop: impose cyclic loading or extension and to record the stress strain loop

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Contd..
Free vibrations :

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 Forced resonant vibrations:

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Direct observation Forced resonant vibrations:

Rheovibron tester

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Velocity of sound: continuous transmission

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THANK YOU
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