doc.: IEEE 802.

11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 1
60 GHz Impairments Modeling
Date: 2009-11-19
Authors:
Name Affiliations Address Phone Email
Vinko Erceg Broadcom San Diego 858 521-5885 verceg@broadcom.com
Murat Messe Broadcom
Alireza Tarighat Broadcom
Michael Boers Broadcom
Jason Trachewsky Broadcom
Changsoon Choi IHP choi@ihp-microelectronics.com
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 2
Revision History
Rev1: Phase Noise and CMOS PA AM-AM model
parameters were updated
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 3
Outline
PA non-linearities (distortion) modeling
PA Output Backoff (OBO)
Phase noise modeling
Carrier frequency offset and symbol clock modeling
I/Q Imbalance modeling

doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 4
PA Non-Linearities Modeling (1)
Input signal x(t) to an amplifier produces output signal
y(t):

| | | |
| |
PM) - (AM distortion phase the is )) ( (
AM) - (AM distortion (gain) amplitude the is ) (
where
)) ( ( ) ( 2 cos ) (
)) ( 2 cos( ) ( ) (
t A
t A G
t A t t f t A G y(t)
t t f t A t x
c
c
+
+ + + =
+ =
u t
u t
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 5
PA Non-Linearities Modeling (2)
Popular approaches to model G and + are:
Saleh Model [1]
Both amplitude and phase distortion are modeled
This model was originally developed for the Traveling Wave Tube Amplifiers
(TWTA)
For some parameter settings output power decreases as input power increases
May be used for some Solid State Power Amplifier (SSPA) applications
Rapp model [2]
Originally developed to model only amplitude distortion
Suitable for SSPA modeling
Modified Rapp Model [3,5]
Phase distortion modeling was added
Suitable for SSPA modeling
Ghorbani model [4]
Both amplitude and phase distortion is modeled
Suitable for SSPA modeling


doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 6
Ghorbani Model
Both amplitude and phase distortions are modeled by 4 parameters:


A
1
) (
A
1
) (
4
3
1
4
3
1
2
2
2
2
y
A y
A y
A
x
A x
A x
A G
y
y
x
x
+
+
= +
+
+
=
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 7
Rapp AM-AM Model
Amplitude distortion (AM-AM) in Rapp model is modeled as:


level saturation the is
factor smoothness the is
signal gain small the is
where
1
) (
2
1
2
sat
s
s
sat
A
s
g
A
gA
A
g A G
|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
=
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 8
Modified Rapp AM-PM Model
See reference [3] for modified Rapp model that includes also phase
distortion modeling
Phase distortion (AM-PM) may be also modeled as:






The above equation is used for our modeling purposes


|
|
.
|

\
|
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
= +
2
1
1
) (
q
q
A
A
A
|
o
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 9
802.11n PA Distortion Model [7] Example
IM1 PA non-
linearity
Simulation should be run at an oversampling rate of at least 4x. Use RAPP power
amplifier model as specified in document 00/294 with p = 3. Calculate
backoff as the output power backoff from full saturation:
PA Backoff = 10 log10(Average TX Power/Psat).
Total TX power shall be limited to no more than 17 dBm.
Disclose: (a) EIRP and how it was calculated, (b) PA Backoff, and (c) Psat per PA.
Note: the intent of this IM is to allow different proposals to choose different output
power operating points.
Note: the value Psat = 25dBm is recommended.
Note: AM-PM is not modeled
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 10
GaAs PA Model (1)
GaAs PA Model
In [5], a 802.15.3c PA distortion model was proposed based on the
GaAs pHEMT 60GHz HPA measurements from NEC
The NEC GaAs PA characteristics seem to have similar trend to other
published/measured amplifier characteristics in this class
Characteristic AM-AM and AM-PM curves
Modified Rapp or Ghorbani models may be used for fitting the AM-AM
and AM-PM experimental data points
We use modified Rapp model
Least squares fitting function
Voltage is rms
Highest voltage AM-PM point was not included in the modeling (does not
follow trend)


doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 11
GaAs PA Model (2)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 12
GaAs PA Model (3)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 13
GaAs PA Model (4)
Modified Rapp model parameters for NEC GaAs PA
AM-AM parameters
g = 19
A
sat
= 1.4
s = 0.81
AM-PM parameters
o = - 48000
| = 0.123
q
1
= 3.8
q
2
= 3.7



doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 14
CMOS PA Model (1)
We use the measured data from a 65 nm CMOS 60 GHz
PA in reference [6]
Modified Rapp or Ghorbani models may be used for fitting the AM-
AM and AM-PM experimental data points
We use modified Rapp model
Least squares fitting function
Voltage is rms
AM-PM response was normalized so that the first point has Phase = 0
o




doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 15
CMOS PA Model (2)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 16
CMOS PA Model (3)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 17
CMOS PA Model (4)
Modified Rapp parameters for CMOS PA
AM-AM parameters
g = 4.65
A
sat
= 0.58
s = 0.81
AM-PM parameters
o = 2560
| = 0.114
q
1
= 2.4
q
2
= 2.3



doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 18
PA Output Backoff (1)
PA Output Backoff (OBO) may be defined as:




where P is either PA saturation point or 1 dB PA compression point

OBO is related to:
Meeting spectrum mask requirements
Increasing modulation accuracy (reducing EVM)
Reducing Adjacent Channel Interference (ACI)

|
.
|

\
|
=
P
Power TX Average
OBO
_ _
log 10
10
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 19
PA Output Backoff (2)
OBO values for OFDM system reported in [9-11] relative to the 1 dB
PA compression point are approximately 6 dB for 64 QAM
modulation with R = coding
OBO value for OFDM system reported in [10] relative to the PA
saturation point is approximately 9 dB for 64 QAM modulation with
R = coding
OBO values for OFDM system reported in [11] relative to the 1 dB
PA compression point are approximately 4.5 dB for 16 QAM
modulation with R = coding (performance degradation of 1.5 dB)
Theoretical OBO value for Single Carrier (SC) GMSK modulation is
0 dB
OBO
SC_GMSK
= 0.5 dB may be used
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 20
PA Output Backoff (3)
Modulation Accuracy (dB)
EVM
OBO (dB)
Spectrum Mask
Requirements
Mod. Accuracy
Requirements
OBO Requirement
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 21
Phase Noise Model (1)
Phase noise may be reasonably modeled by a two pole
one zero model




We propose the following parameters of the model:
PSD(0) = -90 dBc/Hz
Pole frequency f
p
= 1 MHz
Zero frequency f
z
= 100 MHz
PSD(infinity) = -130 dBc/Hz



(
(

+
+
=
) ) / ( 1
) / ( 1
) 0 ( ) (
2
2
p
z
f f
f f
PSD f PSD
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 22
Phase Noise Model (2)
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 23
Frequency Offset/Symbol Clock Accuracy
Symbol clock frequency tolerance in most systems is
specified at +/- 20 ppm
Reasonable cost/performance tradeoff
Frequency offset of 13.675 ppm at the receiver,
relative to the transmitter may be used [7]
The symbol clock of the same relative offset as the
carrier frequency offset may be used
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 24
I/Q Imbalance Modeling (1)
Following model may be used for I/Q imbalance modeling [8]:



where y(t) is the ideal complex transmit signal, y
d
(t) is the distorted
complex signal, and distortion coefficients are given as




where and are phase and gain imbalances, respectively
) ( * ) ( ) ( t y t y t y
r r d
v + =
) 2 / sin( ) 2 / cos(
) 2 / sin( ) 2 / cos(
r r r r
r r r r
j v
j
u u o
u o u
=
+ =
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 25
I/Q Imbalance Modeling (2)
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
IQ gain imbalance (dB)
T
X

E
V
M

(
d
B
)
TX EVM vs. flat TX IQ imbalanace (with no pre-compensation), TX Floor SNR of 50dB


Phase imb. u=0
Phase imb. u=1
Phase imb. u=2
Phase imb. u=3
Phase imb. u=4
Phase imb. u=5
Phase imb. u=6
T
x

E
V
M

(
-
d
B
)

doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 26
I/Q Imbalance Modeling (3)
We propose that including I/Q imbalance in the
simulations be optional
Slides presented here regarding I/Q imbalance may
serve as a reference
doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 27
Conclusion
We propose the following impairments/parameters to
be included in the simulations:
PA distortion
OBO
Phase noise
Frequency/Symbol Clock offset
We propose that inclusion of the I/Q imbalance
impairment is optional

doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
Submission
November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 28
References
[1] A.A.M. Saleh, "Frequency-independent and frequency-dependent nonlinear
models of TWT amplifiers," IEEE Trans. Communications, vol. COM-29,
November 1981, pp.1715-1720.
[2] C. Rapp, "Effects of HPA-Nonlinearity on a 4-DPSK/OFDM-Signal for a
Digital Sound Broadcasting System", in Proceedings of the Second European
Conference on Satellite Communications, Liege, Belgium, Oct. 22-24, 1991, pp.
179-184.
[3] M. Honkanen and Sven-Gustav Haggman, New Aspects on Nonlinear Power
Amplifier Modeling in Radio Communication System Simulations, Proc. IEEE
Int. Symp. On Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Comm, PIMRC 97, Helsinki, Finland,
Sep.1-4, 1997, pp. 844-848.
[4] A. Ghorbani, and M. Sheikhan, The effect of Solid State Power Amplifiers
(SSPAs) Nonlinearities on MPSK and M-QAM Signal Transmission, Sixth Int'l
Conference on Digital Processing of Signals in Comm., 1991, pp. 193-197.
[5] IEEE Document 15-06-0477-01-003c-rf-impairment-models-60ghz-band-
sysphy-simulation.pdf.
[6] Mikko Varonen, et. al. Millimeter-Wave Amplifiers in 65-nm CMOS.
ESSCI RC 2007. 11-13 Sep. 2007. pp. 280-283.
[7] IEEE Document 11-03-0814-31-000n-comparison-criteria.doc.
[8] Alireza Tarighat, and Ali H. Sayed, Joint Compensation of Transmitter and
Receiver Impairments in OFDM Systems, IEEE Transactions on Wireless
Communications, VOL. 6, NO. 1, January 2007, pp. 240-247.




doc.: IEEE 802.11-09/1213r1
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November 2009
Vinko Erceg, Broadcom Slide 29
References
[9] Yongwang Ding and Ramesh Harjani, A High-Efficiency CMOS +22-dBm
Linear Power Amplifier, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, VOL. 40, NO. 9,
September 2005, pp. 1895-1900.
[10] Mostafa Elmala, Jeyanandh Paramesh, and Krishnamurthy Soumyanath, A
90-nm CMOS Doherty Power Amplifier With Minimum AM-PM Distortion,
IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, VOL. 41, NO. 6, June 2006, pp. 1323-1332.
[11] Mathias Pauli, Udo Wachsmann, Magnus Sundelin, and Peter Schramm,
Transmitter Impairments in OFDM-Based Wireless LAN, Vehicular Technology
Conference, 53
rd
VTC 2001 Spring, VOL 1, 6-9 May 2001, pp. 692 696.