santoso

Traditional : protection from diseases and more

specifically, infections disease. Modern : a reaction to foreign substances, including microbes as well as macromolecules such as proteins and polysaccharides, without implying a physiologic or pathologic consequence of such a reaction.

 Immune system : the cells and molecules

responsible for immunity Immune response : collective and coordinated response of immune system to introduction of foreign substances. Immunology : the study of immunity in this boarder sense and of the cellular and molecular events that occur after an organism encounters microbes and other foreign macromolecules.

Innate

Adaptive (specific)

Humoral
Cellmediated

Active
Passive

 Limited capacity to distinguish one microbe from another Not only provide early defense against microbes, but also

plays several important roles in the induction of specific immune responses The principal components :
Physical barriers Blood proteins Phagocytic cells (neutrophils, macrophages) and other

leukocytes (NK)

 Exquisite specificity for distinct moleculs

Specialization, which enables to respond in

particular ways to different types of microbes Ability to remember and respond more vigorously to repeated exposures to the same microbes

 Specificity Diversity Memory Specialization Self-limitation Discrimination of self from non-self

 Immune response are specific for distinct antigens

The portions of such antigens that are specifically

recognized by individual lymphocytes are called determinants or epitopes

 The total number of antigenic specificities of the

lymphocytes in an individual, called the lymphocyte repertoire, is extremely large. At least 109 distinct antigenic determinants

 Exposure of the immune system to a foreign antigen

enhances its ability to respond again to that antigen Response to second and subsequent exposures to the same antigen called secondary immune response are usually more rapid, larger, and often qualitatively different from the first or primary immune response to that antigen

 The immune system responds in distinct and special

ways to different microbes Such adaptation have developed to maximize the efficiency of anti microbial defense mechanismes

 All normal immune responses wane with time after

antigen stimulation This is largely because immune response function to eliminate antigens and thus eliminate the essential stimulus for lymphocyte activation.

 Immune system able to recognize, respond to and

eliminate many foreign (non-self) antigensfunctional inactivation of self-reactive lymphocytes after their encounter with self antigens while not reacting harmfully to that individuals own (self) antigenic substances Immunologic unresponsiveness is also called tolerance Maintaned partly by the elimination of lymphocytes that may express receptors specific for antigenss and partly by

 Recogniton Activation Effector

 Cytokines

Effector mechanims of T cell- mediated immune

reactions Effector mechanisms of immunoglobulin E-initiated immune reactions The complement system

 Compises a group of more than 30 serum and

cell surface proteins that interact with other immune system molecules and with one another in a highly regulated manner to provide many of the effector functions of humoral immunity and inflamation.
Mengakibatkan osmotic lysis pada bakteri Opsonisasi Reaksi inflamasi Kemotaksis Menghilangkan kompleks imun

 Mediate cytolysis

Opsonization of foreign organisms or particles

Activation of inflamation Promotes solubilization and phagocytic clearance of

immune complexes Promote humoral immune response