3-1

ENGSC 2333 Thermodynamics

Chapter 3
3-2
To apply the energy balance to a system of interest
requires knowledge of the properties of the system
and how the properties are related. The objective of
Chapter 3 is to introduce property relations relevant
to engineering thermodynamics. We will focus on
the use of the closed system energy balance
introduce in Chapter 2, together with the property
relations considered in this chapter.
Objectives
3-3
Some Concepts and Definitions
State principal
Simple compressible
system
p--T surface
2-phase region
Triple line
Triple point
Saturation state
Vapor dome


Critical point
p- diagram
T- diagram
Subcooled
(compressed) liquid
Superheated vapor
2-phase liquid-vapor
mixture
Quality
3-4
3.1 Fixing the State
For simple, compressible systems, the state
principle indicates that the number of
independent intensive properties is two.
Intensive properties such as velocity and
elevation that are assigned values relative to
datum outside the system are excluded from
present considerations.
3-5
3.2 p--T Relation
Figure 3.1
3-6
Examples
Virtual pvT diagram
3-7
3.2 Phase Diagram
Figure 3.1
3-8
3.2 T- Diagram
3-9
3.2 p- Diagram
Figure 3.1
3-10
3.2.3 Quality
For a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture, the ratio of the
mass of vapor to the total mass of the mixture is call
quality, represented as x.
liquid vapor
vapor
total
vapor
m m
m
m
m
x
+
= =
3-11
ENGSC 2333 Thermodynamics
Chapter 3
3-12
3.3.1 Specific Volume
The specific volume of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture
can be determined by using the saturation tables and
the definition of quality.
vap liq
V V V + =
m
V
m
V
m
V V
m
V
vap liq vap liq
+ =
+
= = u
vap
vap
liq
liq vap vap liq liq
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
u u
u u
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
3-13
3.3.1 Specific Volume
The specific volume of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture
can be determined by using the saturation tables and
the definition of quality.
fg f
xu u u + =
vap
vap
liq
liq vap vap liq liq
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
m
u u
u u
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
) ( ) 1 (
f g f g f
x x x u u u u u u + = + =
3-14
3.3.2 Specific Internal Energy
The specific internal energy of a two-phase liquid-vapor
mixture can be determined by using the saturation
tables and the definition of quality.
fg f
xu u u + =
vap
vap
liq
liq vap vap liq liq
u
m
m
u
m
m
m
u m
m
u m
u
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
) ( ) 1 (
f g f g f
u u x u xu u x u + = + =
3-15
3.3.2 Specific Enthalpy
In many thermodynamic
analyses the sum of the
internal energy U and the
product of pressure p and
volume V appears.
Because the sum U + pV
appears so frequently, we
give this combination a
name, enthalpy, and a
distinct symbol, H.
pV U H + =
u p u h + =
u p u h + =
3-16
3.3.2 Specific Enthalpy
The specific internal energy of a two-phase liquid-vapor
mixture can be determined by using the saturation
tables and the definition of quality.
fg f
xh h h + =
vap
vap
liq
liq vap vap liq liq
h
m
m
h
m
m
m
h m
m
h m
h
|
|
.
|

\
|
+
|
|
.
|

\
|
= + =
) ( ) 1 (
f g f g f
h h x h xh h x h + = + =
3-17
Examples
For water at the following conditions, determine
the phase or phases present:
1. T = 40C, P = 0.09593 bar
2. T = 250C, P = 39.73 bar, = 0.04 m
3
/kg
3. T = 250C, P = 39.73 bar, = 0.0012512 m
3
/kg
4. T = 90F, = 500 ft
3
/lb
m
5. P = 50 psi, = 0.01727 ft
3
/lb
m
6. P = 50 psi, m = 10 kg

3-18
3.3.5 Evaluating specific heats
The intensive properties c
v
and c
p
are
defined for pure, simple
compressible substances as partial
derivatives of the functions u(T,v)
and h(T,p) respectively.

We also use the specific heat ratio, k.
v
v
T
u
c
|
.
|
c
c
=
p
p
T
h
c
|
.
|
c
c
=
v
p
c
c
k =
3-19
3.3.5 Evaluating specific heats
Figure 3.9 c
p
of water vapor
3-20
3.3.6 Incompressible substance model
Approximations for liquids using saturated liquid data:

) ( ) , ( T v p T v
f
~
) ( ) , ( T u p T u
f
~
| | ) ( ) ( ) ( ) , ( T p p T v T h p T h
sat f f
+ ~
3-21
3.3.6 Incompressible substance model
For a substance modeled as incompressible, the specific
heats c
v
and c
p
are equal.

v p
c c =
}
=
2
1
) (
1 2
T
T
dT T c u u
}
+ =
+ =
2
1
) ( ) (
) (
1 2
1 2 1 2 1 2
T
T
p p v dt T c
p p v u u h h
3-22
3.3.6 Incompressible substance model
Assuming the specific heats are constant (not a function
of temperature)

) (
1 2 1 2
T T c u u =
) ( ) (
1 2 1 2 1 2
p p v T T c h h + =
3-23
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
The ideal gas law:







Where:
T R n pV
T R v p
=
=
basis molar
mRT pV
RT pv
=
=
basis mass
M
R
R =
3-24
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
For ideal gases:







Where:
( )
( )T RM n pV
T RM v p
=
=
basis molar
T
M
R
m pV
T
M
R
pv
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
basis mass
M
R
R =
Always use absolute pressures and
temperatures!!!
3-25
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
Universal gas constant:






Compressibility factor:

R lbf/lbmol ft 1545
R Btu/lbmol 986 . 1
K kJ/kmol 314 . 8
=
=
= R
T R
v p
Z =
R
T
v p
p
=
0
lim
Figure 3.10
3-26
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
For compressible gases:







Where:
T R Zn pV
T R Z v p
=
=
basis molar
ZmRT pV
ZRT pv
=
=
basis mass
M
R
R =
Always use absolute pressures and
temperatures!!!
3-27
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
For compressible gases:







Where:
( )
( )T RM Zn pV
T RM Z v p
=
=
basis molar
T
M
R
Zm pV
T
M
R
Z pv
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
basis mass
M
R
R =
Always use absolute pressures and
temperatures!!!
3-28
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
Figure 3.11
Z values from Figures A-1,
A-2, and A-3 in appendices.
3-29
The principle of corresponding states:

Reduced pressure:


Reduced temperature:


3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
c
R
p
p
p =
Figure 3.2
c
R
T
T
T =
3-30
The principle of corresponding states:

3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
Figure 3.12
3-31


3.5 Ideal gas model properties
RT T h h
T u u
RT pv
+ =
=
=
) (
) (
3-32
Examples
For water at 374.15 C and 219.9 bar (gage),
determine:
1. P
R
2. T
R
3. Z

Assume P
atm
=1 bar
3-33
ENGSC 2333 Thermodynamics
Chapter 3
3-34
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
Compressibility factor:


Reduced pressured:


Reduced temperature:

c
R
p
p
p =
T R
v p
Z =
c
R
T
T
T =
3-35
The principle of corresponding states:

3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
Figure 3.12
3-36
3.4 Generalized compressibility chart
Figure 3.3
3-37


3.5 Ideal gas model properties
RT T u h
T u u
RT pv
+ =
=
=
) (
) (
3-38


3.5 Ideal gas model properties
R T c T c
R
dT
du
dT
dh
RT u h
v p
+ =
+ =
+ =
) ( ) (
3-39
c
p
in Table A-19
Note: c
v
not given
For monatomic
gases, c
p
=(5/2)R
3.5 Ideal gas model properties
1
) (
1
) (
) (
) (

=
=
k
R
T c
k
kR
T c
T c
T c
k
v
p
v
p
R T c T c
v p
+ = ) ( ) (
3-40


3.6 U and H of ideal gases
}
}
=
=
2
1
2
1
) ( ) ( ) (
) ( ) ( ) (
1 2
1 2
T
T
p
T
T
v
dT T c T h T h
dT T c T u T u
3-41




Values of the constants are listed in Table A-21.

3.6 Specific heat functions
4 3 2
T T T T
R
c
p
c o | o + + + + =
3-42
Using ideal gas tables (A-22 and A-23)

Evaluate the change in specific enthalpy for air from a state where
T
1
=400 K to a state where T
2
=900 K.
3.7 Specific heats simplified
3-43
Assuming constant specific heats (A-20)

Evaluate the change in specific enthalpy for air from a state where
T
1
=400 K to a state where T
2
=900 K.
3.7 Specific heats simplified
3-44
For a polytropic process of a closed system
3.8 Polytropic processes of an Ideal Gas
0 1 n
0 n
1 n
constant
= =
=
=
=
n
pV
3-45
For a polytropic process of a closed system


Isobaric
Isothermal

Also, when specific heats are constant, the value of the exponent n
corresponding to an adiabatic polytropic process of an ideal gas is
the specific heat ratio, k.
3.8 Polytropic processes of an Ideal Gas
0 1 n
1 n
0 n
constant
= =
=
=
=
n
pV
3-46
3.8 Polytropic processes of an Ideal Gas
1) (n for ln
1) (n for
1
2
1
1
2
1 1
2
1
1 1 2 2
2
1
1
2
= =
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
}
V
V
V p pdV
n
V p V p
pdV
V
V
p
p
n
Valid for any gas.
Remember from Chapter 2
3-47
3.8 Polytropic processes of an Ideal Gas
( )
1) (n for ln
1) (n for
1
) (
2
1
1
2
2
1
1 2
1
2
1
1
1
2
1
2
= =
=

=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
|
|
.
|

\
|
=
}
}

V
V
mRT pdV
n
T T mR
pdV
V
V
p
p
T
T
n
n
n
Valid for ideal gases.
Using pV=mRT