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Science / History Learning Center http://www.rtm.ar88.net/
- High-Fidelity broadcasting
- Superior mobile radio systems His inventions and developments form the backbone of Radio Communications as we know it.
The Major
Remedial Radio
Direct Current
i e
George Simon Ohm
e iR
Power = 6 volts X 1 ampere = 6 watts 8 Energy = Power X Time - e.g., 6 watt seconds = 6 joules
Ca. 1824
10
Alternating Current
Maxwell
Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism (1873)
12
i
C 300,000,000 m / s F F
13
Lets prove it
C 186 ,000 miles / hour 3100 miles F 60 cycles per sec ond
Lets prove it
Spark-Gap Oscillator
16
Eureka!
17
Photographic plate rotated at a known angular velocity allows measurement of the oscillatory frequency.
Hertz
Ca. 1888 Heinrich Hertz 1857 - 1894
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A Hertzian Experiment
From Invention & Innovation in the Radio Industry, W. Rupert MacLaurin, 1949
20
Marconi
at Villa Griffone 1895
A Tuned Circuit Selects the Desired Radio Frequency and Rejects Interference
By varying the induction coil L or the capacitor C we change the resonant frequency of the circuit.
Patent 7777
Application filed 12 April 1900
23
Open Circuit
Closed Circuit
5/11/2006
24
5/11/2006
25
5/11/2006
26
All the energy that gets to your eardrum came from the transmitter!
29
1904
The Audion
Lee Deforest
1873 - 1971
1906
33
DeForest Audion
A-BATTERY B-BATTERY
Armstrong Experimentation
Armstrong Experimentation
However, during this investigation It was observed that a condenser placed across the telephone receivers in a simple audion receiver sometimes gave an increase in signal strength; not much of an increase, but nevertheless a very definite increase, and with only a small value of capacity. Now I tried a condenser across the phones many times before (what amateur has not, when graduating to the audlon from crystal detector stage, where telephone shunt condensers originated), but never before had there been any observable change in signal strength. The small condenser indicated strongly the presence of high-frequency oscillations in the plate circuit, and I thought about it a great deal without being able to account for their presence there in any satisfactory manner. During the summer vacation that year, an idea suggested by the fundamental axiom of radio, ''wherever there are high frequency oscillations, tune the circuit," and the idea to see what would happen if the plate circuit of an audion detector should be tuned by means of an Inductance.
THE REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT by Edwin H. Armstrong THE ELECTRIC JOURNAL. Vol. XVIII, No. 4, April 1921
Armstrong Experimentation
All the old timers remember CC, later known as MCC and WCC, the Marconi press station at Wellfleet, Mass. This station was the one-hundred percent reliable testing standby of all experimenters, and on MCC the first tests were made. A standard audion detector system was set up and tuned in, and a tuning inductance introduced into the plate circuit of the audion.
THE REGENERATIVE CIRCUIT by Edwin H. Armstrong THE ELECTRIC JOURNAL. Vol. XVIII, No. 4, April 1921
Regeneration!
Then various things began to happen. As the plate inductance was increased, the signals were boosted in strength to an intensity unbelievable for those days, the more inductance the louder the signal, until suddenly the characteristic tone of M. C. C. -- the tone which any of the old timers, if they heard it on Judgment Morn, would recognize instantly -- disappeared, and in its place was a loud hissing tone, undeniably the same station, but recognizable only by the characteristic swing and the messages transmitted.
A slight reduction of the plate Inductance and the old tone was back again, -- and then the placing of the hand near a tuning condenser, and the hissing tone reappeared.
It required no particular mental effort to realize that here was a fundamentally new phenomenon, as obscure as the principle of the operation of the audion itself, but which opened up an entirely new field of practical operation.
Regeneration
31 January 1913
41
Regeneration
Regeneration
First worthwhile active receiver Autodyne (oscillating) mode permits reception of continuous-wave signals. First vacuum-tube RF oscillator
Improved transmitter efficiency. Allowed practical radio telephone
Modes of Operation
Regenerative (not oscillating)
Improved sensitivity Improved selectivity Square-law response
Autodyne (oscillating)
Heterodyne reception Frequency changer Linear response
44
FC
FAUDIO
FLO
F
For example: Continuous wave carrier, Fc, at 1000KHz Local oscilatoe, LO, at 999KHz Audio output at 1KHz
45
- High-Fidelity broadcasting
- Superior mobile radio systems His inventions and developments form the backbone of Radio Communications as we know it.
The Major
A Good Read
Lee DeForest Edwin H. Armstrong David Sarnoff