What is hybridisation

Hybridization is the concept of mixing atomic

orbital to form new hybrid orbital suitable for the qualitative description of atomic bonding properties. Hybridized orbital are very useful in the explanation of the shape of orbital for molecules. It is an integral part of valence bond theory. Although sometimes taught together with the valence shell electron-pair repulsion (VSEPR) theory, valence bond and hybridization are in fact not related to the VSEPR model.

types of hybridization
sp(s+p)
sp2 (s+p(2)) sp3 (s+p(3))

dsp2 (d+s+p(2))
sp3d(s+p(3)+d) sp3d2 (s+p(3)+d(2))

d2sp3 (d(2)+s+p(3))

Sp hybridization
It is formed by mixing of s and p orbitals or b/w 2 p(z). It has 50% s-character and 50% p-character.

A single sp-hybrid has most of its electron density on

one side, with a minor and more spherical lobe on the other side. This minor lobe is centered on the central atom.

Sp hybridization in acetylene
In this model, the 2s orbital mixes with only one of the three p-

orbitals resulting in two sp orbitals and two remaining unchanged p orbitals. The chemical bonding in acetylene (ethyne) (C2H2) consists of spsp overlap between the two carbon atoms forming a bond and two additional bonds formed by pp overlap. Each carbon also bonds to hydrogen in a sigma ssp overlap at 180 angles.

2 sp

hybridization

The process of hybridization in which one s-orbital

and two p-orbital overlap to produce three hybrid orbitals is known as sp2- HYBRIDIZATION or TRIGONAL HYBRIDIZATION. These orbital are coplanar and directed towards the corners of an equilateral triangle at an angle of 120o from each other.

sp2 hybridization in ethene

In ethene, each carbon atom is Sp2-hybridized. In this way six Sp2orbitals are generated (three for each carbon atom). One Sp2-

orbital of each carbon atom by overlapping forms a sigma bond between carbon atoms. Remaining two Sp2-orbital of each atom overlap with 1s-orbital of hydrogen atom to produce four sigma bonds. P(z) un-hybrid orbital of each carbon atom by the parallel overlapping form a pi-bond between two carbon atoms.

3 sp

hybridization

The process of hybridization in which one s-orbital

and three p-orbital overlap to produce four hybrid orbitals is known as sp3- HYBRIDIZATION or TETRAHEDRAL HYBRIDIZATION. These orbital are directed towards the corners of a pyramid at an angle of 109.5o from each other.

sp3 hybridization in ethAne

In ethane each C-atom is Sp3-hybridized containing four Sp3-

hybrid orbital. One s-orbital and three p-orbital (px, py, pz) undergo Sp3-hybridization to produce four Sp3-hybrid orbitals for each carbon atom. Out of four Sp3-hybrid orbital one Sp3hybrid orbital of one C-atom overlaps with one s-orbital of Hatom to produce three sigma bond and the last overlaps with one Sp3-orbital of other C-atom to produce a sigma bond between two C-atoms.

2 dsp

hybridization

dsp2 type of hybridization is also known particularly in

case of transition metal ions. The orbitals involved in this type of Hybridization are dx2- y2, s and two p. The four dsp2 hybrid orbitals adopt square planar geometry. Ex:- [Ni(CN)4]2-

sp3D hybridization
This Hybridization involves the mixing of one s, three p and one d-

orbital. These five orbitals hybridize to form five sp3d-hybrid orbitals. These hybrid orbitals point towards the corners of a trigonal bipyramidal geometry. In this case, the three orbitals forming a plane are directed towards the corners of an equilateral triangle while the other two are perpendicular to the plane of the triangle lying above and below it.

sp3D2 hybridization
In this case, one s, three p and two d-orbitals get

hybridized to form six sp3d2 hybrid orbitals which adopt octahedral arrangement.

3 2 sp D

hybridization IN SF6 molecule

The geometry of SF6 molecule can be explained on the

basis of sp3d2 Hybridization. In SF6 the central sulphur atom has the ground state configuration, 3s23p4. To account for the hexavalency in SF6 one electron each from 3s and 3p orbitals is promoted to 3d orbitals . These six orbitals get hybridised to form six sp3d2hybrid orbitals. Each of these sp3d2 hybrid orbitals overlaps with 2p orbital of fluorine to form S-F bond. Thus, SF6 molecule has octahedral structure as shown in The dotted electrons represent electrons from F-atoms.

No. of electr on Hybridization Group s

Geometry

Shape

sp

Linear

sp2

Triganol Planar

sp3

Tetrahedral

dsp3

Triganol bipyramidal

d2sp3

Octahedral

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