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|x-3|
When x>3, |x-3| = x-3 HOWEVER, when x<3, |x-3|=-(x-3)=-x+3
When x>0, y = |x| All the negative values of x become positive When x<0, |x|=-x
OR there is a reflection in the x axis
Another example
y = |2x 4|
Step 1 -> draw without modulus y = 2x - 4
y = |2x 4|
Step 2 -> Reflect in the x-axis
A harder example
y = |x2 - 4x + 3|
Step 1 -> draw without modulus
y = |x2 - 4x + 3|
Step 2 -> Reflect in the x-axis
Method 1 (to draw y = |x| + 3) 2. Reflect in the y-axis (before you always reflected in the x-axis dont mix them up!)
A harder example
Sketch y = |x|3-|x|2
Step 1 -> Sketch the graph without modulus
Sketch y = |x|3-|x|2
Step 2 -> Reflect in the y-axis
Key Points
The Modulus function |x| is defined by 0 || 0 When working with entire equations in the modulus (e.g. |x-5|), sketch out the graph without modulus, and then reflect in the x-axis When working with equations with only x within the modulus symbols (e.g. 3|x|-5), then sketch graph without modulus and then reflect in the y-axis
Exercise
Exercises
Solving |2x-5|=3
For simple calculations like this, sketch y = |2x-5| and y = 3
This part of the modulus was the original line, so we know the equation of this part of the line is y = 2x-5 The reflected part of the modulus is different as we have found the absolute values of x. To find the equation of this line, you simply do -1(original eq), so it is y = -(2x-5) = -2x + 5 When f(x) < 0, |f(x)|= -f(x)
We can see there are two intersections. Now all we do is solve simultaneously. First intersection (reflected part) y = 3, y= -2x + 5 3 = -2x + 5 2x = 5 - 3 2x = 2 x=1 y = -2x + 5 Second intersection (original part) y = 3, y = 2x - 5 2x - 5 = 3 2x = 3 + 5 2x = 8 x=4 y = 2x - 5 Therefore the solutions to |2x-5|= 3 are: x=1 and x=4 You can see that you dont specifically need to draw the graph, but it is important that you do to double check your solutions and to avoid making silly mistakes
y=3
2 5 2 = 32 4 2 20 + 25 = 9 4 2 20 + 16 = 0
2 5 + 4 = 0 4 1 = 0 = 4 & = 1
We can see that the first solution occurs with the reflected portion of both equations y = -2x + 7 and y = -x + 6 The second solution occurs with the an original eq. and the reflected portion of the other eq. y = 2x 7 and y = -x + 6 y = -2x + 7 & y = -x + 6 -2x + 7 = -x + 6 7 6 = -x + 2x x=1 y = 2x - 7 & y = -x + 6 2x - 7 = -x + 6 2x + x = 6 + 7 3x = 13 x = or 4. (2s.f.)
We can see that the first solution occurs with the reflected portion of both equations y = -2x + 7 and y = -x + 6 The second solution occurs with the an original eq. and the reflected portion of the other eq. y = 2x 7 and y = -x + 6 y = -2x + 7 & y = -x + 6 -2x + 7 = -x + 6 7 6 = -x + 2x x=1 y = 2x - 7 & y = -x + 6 2x - 7 = -x + 6 2x + x = 6 + 7 3x = 13 x = or 4. (2s.f.)
y = -2x + 7 y = -x + 6
If asked for a coordinate, then insert the relevant x-coord into the corresponding equation and solve for y. Eg. If finding the coordinates for x = 1 insert it only into y = -2x + 7 or y = -x + 6 A common mistake here is to insert the coordinate into the wrong equations
y = 2x 7 y = -x + 6
4 3 13
16 10 = 6 13 = & = 1 3
Again we get the correct answer, but this method is not fool proof.
-x2 - 4 = x + 3 0 = x + 3 + x2 + 4 x2 + x + 7 = 0
And then factorise to find 2 solutions for x for each quadratic
y=x+3
This example is impossible to factorise with real roots but you get the point.
The next two questions will show you the problem of solving without graphs
|x-2| = -2
Using no graphs, and the method we call squaring both sides we find the roots by combining the two equations:
However, this is wrong. This would get you no marks. And heres why.
Sketching |x-2|=-2
|x2 1| = 6x
For one solution
2 1 = 6 2 6 1 = 0
(6) (6)2 4(1)(1) = 2(1) 6 40 = 2 6 2 10 = 2 = 3 10
So we have 4 solutions: = =
For each of the four values of x, the LHS is always positive. But, two of the values has their RHS as negative and hence these two values are incorrect.
C1 Recap Transformations
f(x+a)
Is a horizontal stretch of scale factor
1
f(x) + a
f(ax) af(x)
Is a vertical translation of +a
Is a vertical stretch of scale factor a Is a horizontal translation of -a
Sketch y = ( x 3)2 + 2
y = x2 translation of f( x 3 ) y = ( x 3 )2 y = ( x 3 )2 translation of f( x ) +2 y = ( x 3 )2 + 2
Sketch =
= =
1 3 1
1
3 3
translation of f( x 3 ) =
transformation of f( 2x ) = 2
= 2 translation of f(x) -1 = 2 1
Sketch y = 2f(x-2)
Work from the inside of the brackets to the outside
Remember to show the new position of O, A and B.