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Learning Objectives
Know the basic anatomy of the kidney and nephron. Know how urine is transported to the bladder and the process of micturition. Understand the relationship between filtration, reabsorption, secretion and excretion. Understand the determinates of the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Know how afferent and efferent arteriolar resistances influence GFR and RBF. Know how the juxtamedullary complex autoregulates GFR and RBF.
Renal Anatomy
Nephron Anatomy
Micturition
Micturition is the process of emptying the urinary bladder. - As the bladder fills, stretch receptors initiate the micturition reflex. This causes contraction of the bladder, whose strength progressively increases. - Once the micturition reflex is stronger than the voluntary control of the external sphincter, urination occurs.
Micturition Reflex
As pressure rises, stretch receptors begin to induce contractions via the parasympathetic nerves. As the bladder fills, this reflex become more frequent and stronger. When the bladder contains a lot of urine, a signal is also sent that inhibits the pedendal nerves. If this last signal is more powerful than voluntary constriction of the external sphincter, urination occurs.
Voluntary Urination
Contract abdominal muscles to increase pressure in bladder. This excites the micturition reflex and inhibits the external sphincter.
A. Waste products such as creatine. B. Many electrolytes. C. Nutritional substances, such as glucose and amino acids. D. Organic acids and bases, some foreign compounds and some drugs.
Purpose of Reabsorption
Why filter, then reabsorb? - Control - High filtration rate makes it easy to remove
waste products. - Reabsorption allows control of the bodys electrolyte balance.
Determinants of GFR
As we discussed with other capillaries: - Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (PG).
- Bowmans capsule hydrostatic pressure (PB). - Glomerular colloid osmotic pressure (PGC). - Bowmans capsule colloid osmotic pressure (PBC). - Glomerular capillary filtration coefficient (Kf). - Kf is the product of the hydraulic conductivity and the surface area.
In addition,
Kf is not measured directly, but calculated from Kf = GFR/Net filtration pressure Kf does not normally change ITS A CONSTANT!!
Anatomy Reminder
GFR does not increase proportionally with arterial pressure (autoregulation) and reabsorption does increase with GFR.
Autoregulation
There is a feedback mechanism that ensures a constant delivery of NaCl to the distal tubule. This feedback mechanism, called tubuloglomerular feedback, is mediated by the macula densa in the juxtaglomerular complex.
Juxtaglomerular Complex