Continuum mechanics – MAE 640

Summer II – 2009

Dr. Konstantinos Sierros

263 ESB new add
kostas.sierros@mail.wvu.edu
 Isotropic Materials
•Isotropic materials are those for which the material properties are independent of the
direction, and we have;

•The stress–strain relations take the form;

Inverse relation
 Isotropic Materials
•Application of a normal stress to a rectangular block of isotropic or orthotropic material
leads to only extension in the direction of the applied stress and contraction
perpendicular to it.
•An anisotropic material experiences extension in the direction of the applied normal
stress, contraction perpendicular to it, and shearing strain, as shown in figure below.
 Isotropic Materials
•Conversely, the application of a shearing stress to an anisotropic material causes
shearing strain as well as normal strains.

•Normal stress applied to an orthotropic material at an angle to its principal material

directions causes it to behave like an anisotropic material.
 Transformation of Stress and Strain Components

•The constitutive relations and for an orthotropic material are written in terms of the
stress and strain components that are referred to the material coordinate system.
 Transformation of Stress and Strain Components

•We can use the above transformation equations of a second-order tensor to write the
stress and strain components (σij, εij) referred to the material coordinate system in terms
of those referred to the problem coordinates.

•Let (x, y, z) denote the coordinate system used to write the governing equations of a
problem, and let (x1, x2, x3) be the principal material coordinates such that x3-axis is
parallel to the z-axis
•i.e., the x1x2-plane and the xy-plane are parallel
 Transformation of Stress and Strain Components
•The x1-axis is oriented at an angle of +θ counterclockwise (when looking down) from
the x-axis, as shown in the figure below.
 Transformation of Stress and Strain Components
•The coordinates of a material point in the two coordinate systems are related as follows
(z = x3):

Inverse
 Transformation of Stress Components
Let σ denote the stress tensor which has components

σ11, σ12, . . . , σ33 in the material σxx, σxy, . . . , σzz in the problem
(m) coordinates (x1, x2, x3) (p) coordinates (x, y, z)

•Since stress tensor is a second-order tensor, it transforms according to the formula;

components of the stress tensor σ in the

material coordinates (x1, x2, x3)

components of the same stress tensor σ in

the problem coordinates (x, y, z)
 Transformation of Stress Components
In matrix form…

…rearranging the equations in terms of the single-subscript stress components in (x, y,

z) and (x1, x2, x3) coordinate systems, we have…
 Transformation of Stress Components

•The inverse relationship between {σ}m and {σ}p is given by;

 Transformation of Strain Components
•Transformation equations derived for stresses are also valid for tensor components of
strains;

Inverse relation
 Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•Most materials exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior for certain strain threshold. Beyond
that threshold Hooke’s law is not valid.
•Past certain nonlinear elastic range, permanent deformation ensues, and the material is
said be inelastic or plastic, as shown in the figure below;

•We review constitutive relations for two well-known nonlinear elastic materials, the
Mooney–Rivlin and neo-Hookean materials.
 Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•For a hyperelastic material, there exists a free energy function ψ = ψ(F) such that;

F is deformation
gradient tensor
•Some materials (e.g., rubber-like materials) undergo large deformations without
appreciable change in volume (i.e., J ≈ 1).
•Such materials are called incompressible materials.
•For incompressible elastic materials, the stress tensor is not completely determined
by deformation.
•The hydrostatic pressure also affects the stress.

pressure
 Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•For a hyperelastic elastic material we can also have;

B is the left Cauchy–Green tensor

B = F · FT

•The free energy function ψ takes different forms for different materials.
•It is often expressed as a linear combination of unknown parameters and principal
invariants of Green strain tensor E, deformation gradient tensor F, or left Cauchy–Green
strain tensor B.

•The parameters characterize the material and they are determined through suitable
experiments.
 Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•For incompressible materials, the free energy function ψ is taken as a linear function of
the principal invariants of B

constants principal invariants of B

(there is also a third invariant which
Is equal to unity in this case)

Materials for which the strain energy

functional is given by the above equation
are known as the Mooney–Rivlin materials.

The stress tensor in this

case has the form;
 Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•The Mooney–Rivlin incompressible material model presented previously is most
commonly used to represent the stress-strain behavior of rubber-like solid materials.
Now…

•If the free energy function is of the form ψ = C1(IB − 3);

The constitutive equation

takes the form;

•Materials whose constitutive behavior is described by the above equation are called the
neo-Hookean materials.
•The neo-Hookean model provides a reasonable predictionof the constitutive behavior of
natural rubber for moderate strains.