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Summer II – 2009
Inverse relation
Isotropic Materials
•Application of a normal stress to a rectangular block of isotropic or orthotropic material
leads to only extension in the direction of the applied stress and contraction
perpendicular to it.
•An anisotropic material experiences extension in the direction of the applied normal
stress, contraction perpendicular to it, and shearing strain, as shown in figure below.
Isotropic Materials
•Conversely, the application of a shearing stress to an anisotropic material causes
shearing strain as well as normal strains.
•The constitutive relations and for an orthotropic material are written in terms of the
stress and strain components that are referred to the material coordinate system.
Transformation of Stress and Strain Components
•We can use the above transformation equations of a second-order tensor to write the
stress and strain components (σij, εij) referred to the material coordinate system in terms
of those referred to the problem coordinates.
•Let (x, y, z) denote the coordinate system used to write the governing equations of a
problem, and let (x1, x2, x3) be the principal material coordinates such that x3-axis is
parallel to the z-axis
•i.e., the x1x2-plane and the xy-plane are parallel
Transformation of Stress and Strain Components
•The x1-axis is oriented at an angle of +θ counterclockwise (when looking down) from
the x-axis, as shown in the figure below.
Transformation of Stress and Strain Components
•The coordinates of a material point in the two coordinate systems are related as follows
(z = x3):
Inverse
Transformation of Stress Components
Let σ denote the stress tensor which has components
σ11, σ12, . . . , σ33 in the material σxx, σxy, . . . , σzz in the problem
(m) coordinates (x1, x2, x3) (p) coordinates (x, y, z)
Inverse relation
Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•Most materials exhibit nonlinear elastic behavior for certain strain threshold. Beyond
that threshold Hooke’s law is not valid.
•Past certain nonlinear elastic range, permanent deformation ensues, and the material is
said be inelastic or plastic, as shown in the figure below;
•We review constitutive relations for two well-known nonlinear elastic materials, the
Mooney–Rivlin and neo-Hookean materials.
Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•For a hyperelastic material, there exists a free energy function ψ = ψ(F) such that;
F is deformation
gradient tensor
•Some materials (e.g., rubber-like materials) undergo large deformations without
appreciable change in volume (i.e., J ≈ 1).
•Such materials are called incompressible materials.
•For incompressible elastic materials, the stress tensor is not completely determined
by deformation.
•The hydrostatic pressure also affects the stress.
pressure
Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•For a hyperelastic elastic material we can also have;
B = F · FT
•The free energy function ψ takes different forms for different materials.
•It is often expressed as a linear combination of unknown parameters and principal
invariants of Green strain tensor E, deformation gradient tensor F, or left Cauchy–Green
strain tensor B.
•The parameters characterize the material and they are determined through suitable
experiments.
Nonlinear Elastic Constitutive Relations
•For incompressible materials, the free energy function ψ is taken as a linear function of
the principal invariants of B
•Materials whose constitutive behavior is described by the above equation are called the
neo-Hookean materials.
•The neo-Hookean model provides a reasonable predictionof the constitutive behavior of
natural rubber for moderate strains.