1

SEMINAR ON
FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA: ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS FOR DEVELOPEMENT
MAJOR ADVISOR Dr K.B.UMESH PRESENTED BY HARISHKUMAR H.V PAL0083

PATH OF PRESENTATION

INTRODUCTION DEFINITION AND CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF FOOD SECURITY STATUS OF FOOD SECURITY FOOD SECURITY AND MACRO ECONOMIC POLICIES FOOD SUBSIDY IN INDIA NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY BILL (DRAFT) - 2011 FOOD INSECURITY (DEFINITION, TYPES, CAUSES) ISSUES AND IMPLICATIONS POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES FOR ACHIEVING HOUSEHOLD FOOD SECURITY CONCLUSION

INTRODUCTION

Human concern for food security is as old as humanity itself

The issue of food security became an international concern

when world food conference in Rome (1974) adopted food

security as its main topic

Declaration of this conference was that every man, woman and child has the inalienable right to be free from hunger and malnutrition in order to develop fully and maintain their physical and mental faculties
4

DEFINITION OF FOOD SECURITY

FAO DEFINITION (1983): All people at all times have both physical and economic access to basic food they need

WORLD BANK DEFINITION (1986):

Access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. Its essential elements are the availability of food and the ability to acquire it

TABLE 1: SURPLUS OR DEFICIT ?

Population ICMR 2011 norm(Gms/ Kgs/Yr day) (Billion) 460 40 500 167.9 14.6 182.5 1.21 1.21 1.21 Food Requirement as per Production ICMR norm 2010-11 (MT) (MT) 203.159 17.666 220.825 223.47 18.09 241.56 Surplus (MT)

Item

Cereals Pulses Food grains

20.311 0.424 20.735

Source: Author

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF FOOD SECURITY

Source: Chung et al., 1997

7

STATUS OF FOOD SECURITY IN INDIA

MACRO FOOD SECURITY:

The production of cereals went up from 44 MT in 1951-52 to

223.47 MT during 2010-11

96.5 % of the incremental output of cereals between 1964-65 and 2006-07 was due to improvements in the per hectare productivity (yield); and area expansion, accounting for only 3.5 per cent

The imports of cereals during 1983-84 was 3.45 MT reduced to

0.022 MT during 2008-09

Indias net exports of cereals were 0.53 MT/year during 1990-95, 2.62 MT/year during 1995-00 and 6.43 MT/year during 2000-05
8

TABLE 2: PRODUCTION OF MAJOR CROPS(MT)

Commodity 196061 Food grains 82.00 (100) Cereals 197071 108.40 (100) 198081 129.6 (100) 199091 176.4 (100) 200001 196.8 (100) 200506 208.6 (100) 200607 217.3 (100) 200708 230.8 (100) 200809 234.4 (100) 200910 218.2 (100) 2010-11

241.56 (100)

69.30 96.6 (84.51) (89.11)

119.0 162.1 185.7 195.2 203.1 216.0 219.9 203.6 223.47 (91.82) (91.89) (94.35) (93.57) (93.46) (93.58) (93.81) (93.30) (92.51) 14.3 (8.10) 11.0 (5.58) 13.4 (6.42) 14.2 (6.53) 14.8 (6.41) 14.6 (6.22) 14.6 (6.69) 18.09 (7.48)

Pulses

12.7 11.8 10.6 (15.48) (10.88) (8.17)

Rice

34.6 42.2 53.6 74.3 85.0 91.8 93.4 96.7 99.2 (49.29) (43.68) (45.04) (45.83) (45.77) (47.02) (45.98) (44.76) (45.11)

89.1 95.32 (43.76) (42.65)

Wheat

11.0 23.8 36.3 55.1 69.7 69.4 75.8 78.6 80.7 80.7 85.93 (15.87) (24.63) (30.50) (33.99) (37.53) (35.55) (37.21) (36.38) (36.69) (39.63) (38.45)

Source: Economic Survey 2010-11

9

TABLE 3: FOOD GRAINS PROJECTION

Year 2020 2030

Supply (MT) 257.2 288.24

Demand (MT) 289.17 344.87

Gap(MT) -31.97 -56.63

Source: Author
10

HOUSEHOLD AND INDIVIDUAL FOOD-SECURITY

The percentage of households not getting enough food daily declined from 16.2 % in 1983 to 1.9 % in 2004-05

ii)The percentage of population below poverty line declined from 51 per cent in 1977-78 to 27.5 per cent in 2004-05

iii)There has been a considerable improvement in physical access of households to food in different parts of the country, contributed by

The share of rice, which is more geographically dispersed, in total

staple food, continues to be quite high at around 45 per cent

The expansion of network of public distribution system helped in reaching cereals to deficit and geographically difficult regions
11

Source: Acharya.,2009

FIGURE 1: POVERTY LEVELS: 1973/74 TO 2004/05

Source: Planning Commission estimates from Agricultura lStatistics at a Glance 2009, MoA, 12 GoI, 2009

TABLE 4: NET PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF CEREALS AND PULSES

Year

Population (million)

Cereal(Net availability) (million tons)

Pulses(net availability) (million tons)

Cereals per capita availability perday(gms) 334.20 399.70 417.60 417.30 468.50 386.20 458.70 408.50 426.90 390.90 412.80 407.40 394.20 407.00

Pulses per capita availability perday(gms) 60.70 69.00 51.20 37.50 41.60 30.00 35.40 29.10 35.80 31.50 32,50 35.50 41.80 37.00

Total per capita availability perday(gms) 394.90 468.70 468.80 454.80 510.10 416.20 494.10 437.60 462.70 422.40 445.30 442.80 436.00 444.00
13

1951 1961 1971 1981 1991 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

363.20 442.40 551.30 688.50 851.70 1033.20 1050.60 1068.20 1085.60 1102.80 1119.80 1136.60 1153.10 1169.40

44.80 64.60 84.00 104.80 145.70 145.60 175.90 159.30 169.10 157.30 168.80 169.00 165.90 173.70

08.00 11.10 10.30 09.40 12.90 11.30 13.60 11.30 14.20 12.70 13.30 14.70 17.60 15.80

Source: Economic Survey, 2010-11

FIGURE 2: PER CAPITA AVAILABILITY OF FOOD GRAIN CROPS: 1990 TO 2008 (P)

Source: Agricultural Statistics at a Glance 2009, MoA, GoI 200

14

TABLE 5: INDICATORS OF POVERTY AND FOOD SECURITY-IN INDIA (2011)

Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 State Deficit in food production (million tonnes) 1.16 1.29 1.55 0.42 1.74 0.33 0.76 1.11 3.99 3.70 1.12 1.27 1.13 0.16 1.25 1.18 0.94 0.85 1.18 % BPL Rural infrastructure index(%) 42.80 74.76 99.20 60.00 30.80 34.90 11.80 35.80 39.70 80.00 57.40 32.40 64.60 37.70 56.90 31.40 84.10 70.00 89.90 Rural literacy(%) 55.33 60.92 44.42 76.23 58.53 64.00 74.38 60.00 90.05 46.26 58.10 71.00 66.44 65.00 56.00 67.00 54.00 61.00 64.00
15

ANDHRAPRADESH ASSAM BIHAR CHATTISGARH GUJARAT HARYANA HIMACHALPRADESH KARNATAKA KERALA JARKHAND MADHYAPRADESH MAHARASHTRA ORISSA PUNJAB RAJASTHAN TAMILNADU UTTARPRADESH UTTARANCHAL WESTBENGAL

15.92 45.01 56.93 44.38 22.18 28.02 30.34 29.88 25.76 62.00 42.05 37.93 49.72 11.95 26.46 32.48 44.24 24.98 40.80

Source: Chandrasekhar et al., 2011

TABLE 6: POVERTY BY CASTES AND OTHER SUB-GROUPS (% OF THE POPULATION IN POVERTY)

Year All Scheduled Castes Scheduled Tribes All Hindus Muslims

1983 46.5 59.0 63.9 47.0 51.2

1993-94 37.2 48.6 50.6 36.8 45.2

2004-05 28.0 37.1 44.7 28.0 33.0

Other Minorities

30.2

26.8

17.9

Source: Sukhadeo, 2011

16

FOOD SECURITY AND MACRO ECONOMIC POLICIES

17

FISCAL POLICY
Contractionary fiscal policy
Reduction in public expenditure and increase in taxes

Lower investment in agriculture

Reduction in economic access to food due to increase in taxes

Reduction in availability of food

18

Contd..
Expansionary fiscal policy
Increase in public expenditure and reduction in taxes

More investment in agriculture

Increase in food availability

Evolution of new technology

MONETARY POLICY

Influence the availability of finance through changing cost of

credit either by increasing or decreasing the interest rates by

changing its key rates

Increase in its key rates then there will be rise in cost of credit which affects the agricultural production by making farming as expensive and the reverse happens when it decreases its key rates

20

FOOD SUBSIDY IN INDIA

The difference between minimum support price(MSP) plus handling/distribution expenses incurred by food corporation of India (FCI) and issue prices of food grains

under public distribution system(PDS)

The amount disbursed by the government to FCI for its

procurement, handling and distributional activities

21

NATIONAL OBJECTIVES OF FOOD SUBSIDY

Serves the purpose of minimum guaranteed prices to the farmers Maintenance of buffer stock Supply of subsidized food grains under identified schemes of the government Open market sales for stabilizing market price

22

TABLE 7: AMOUNT OF FOOD SUBSIDIES RELEASED BY GOVERNMENT

Food subsidy Year 1999-2000 2000-01 2001-02 2002-03 2003-04 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 (Rs crore) 9,200.00 12,010.00 17,494.00 24,176.45 25,160.00 25,746.45 23,071.00 23,827.59 31,259.68 43,668.08 46,906.68 (per cent) -----30.54 45.66 38.20 04.07 02.33 -10.39 03.28 31.19 39.69 07.42
23

Annual growth

Source: Economic Survey, 2009-10

FOOD INSECURITY
USDA definition of food insecurity:

Limited or uncertain availability of nutritionally adequate

and safe foods (or) limited, or uncertain ability to acquire acceptable foods in socially acceptable ways There are two types of food insecurity: 1. Temporary food insecurity: 2. Cyclical or seasonal food insecurity:
24

Source: Google maps

Figure 3: State of Food Insecurity in Rural India

25

CAUSES OF FOOD INSECURITY

Chronic poverty Low agricultural productivity High rates of population growth Civil conflicts Poor infrastructure

26

contd..

Ecological constraint Inappropriate economic policies Limited arable land Rising share of high value Agricultural commodities.

27

FIGURE 4: RISING SHARE OF HIGH VALUE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES IN INDIA

Source: National Accounts Statistics, Central Statistical Organization, GOI 2007&09

28

TABLE 8: GROSS AREA UNDER MAJOR CROPS

(MILLION HECTARES)
196061 115.6 (100) 197071 124.30 (100) 198081 126.7 (100) 199091 127.80 (100) 200001 121.0 (100) 200506 121.6 (100) 200607 123.7 (100) 200708 124.1 (100) 200809 122.1 (100) 200910 121.3 (100)

commodity

Food grains

Cereals

92.0 101.8 104.2 103.2 100.7 99.2 100.5 100.4 100.7 98.0 (79.58) (81.89) (82.24) (80.75) (83.22) (81.57) (81.24) (80.90) (82.47) (80.79) 23.6 22.6 22.5 24.7 20.3 22.4 23.2 23.6 22.1 23.4 (20.41) (18.18) (17.75) (19.32) (16.77) (18.42) (18.75) (19.01) (18.09) (19.29) 34.1 37.6 40.1 42.7 44.7 43.7 43.8 43.9 45.5 41.8 (37.06) (36.93) (38.48) (41.37) (44.38) (44.05) (43.58) (43.72) (45.18) (42.65) 12.9 18.2 22.3 24.2 25.7 26.5 28.0 28.0 27.80 28.50 (14.01) (17.87) (21.40) (23.44) (25.52) (26.71) (27.86) (27.88) (27.60) (29.08)

Pulses

Rice

Wheat

Source: Economic Survey, 2010-11

29

NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY MISSION (NFSM)

KEY FEATURES OF NFSM Implemented in a mission mode through a farmer centric approach All the Stakeholders to be actively associated at the District

levels for achieving the set goal

Aims to target the select districts by availing the improved technologies to the farmers A close monitoring mechanism proposed to ensure that interventions reach to the targeted beneficiaries.
30

OBJECTIVES OF THE MISSION

Increasing production of rice, wheat and pulses through area

expansion and productivity enhancement in a sustainable

manner Restoring soil fertility and productivity at individual farm level Enhancing farm level economy to restore confidence of

farmers of targeted districts

31

NATIONAL FOOD SECURITY BILL-2011

32

SHORT TITLE, EXTENT AND COMMENCEMENT

This Act may be called the National Food Security Act 2011 It extends to the whole of India except the State of Jammu and Kashmir

It shall come into force on such date as the Central Government

may, by notification in the Official Gazette, appoint:

33

SHARING OF FINANCIAL AND OTHER RESPONSIBILITIES

1. The Central Government shall provide the following to the State governments namely (a)Food grains free of cost, including costs of storage and transportation

(b) Administrative expenses of a minimum of six Percent for

the implementation of this act 2. All other costs incurred under this Act, shall be shared between Central and State governments (Central Government bears at least 70% of all costs)
34

RIGHT TO FOOD SECURITY

Right to access of food security

Life-cycle approach

35

ENTITLEMENTS

Entitlements of pregnant and nursing women Entitlements of children at the age group of 0-6 years Entitlements of special groups Emergency and disaster affected persons

36

Mid day meal to children

Prevention and treatment of child malnutrition

37

RIGHT TO RECEIVE SUBSIDIZED FOOD GRAINS

Rate for priority households

Rate for general households

38

PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

Procurement of food grains

Fair price shops

Ration cards

39

National Food Commission

State Food Commission Functions

40

ISSUES

Soil degradation Drainage of wetlands Loss of biodiversity Over fishing

deforestation

41

Contd..

Food wastage Anomalies in the system Higher food subsidies

42

IMPLICATIONS
There is a need to evolve strategies to manage natural resources Overlapping of welfare schemes Proper management of storage and distribution Establishing good monitoring system

43

POLICIES PROGRAMMES FOR ACHIEVING FOOD SECURITY

Anti-poverty programmes a)Income and employment generating programmes Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment (TRYSEM) Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SJSGY) Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (SGRY) Development of Women and Children in Rural Areas (DWCRA) Jawahar Rozgar Yojana( JRY) Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (MGNREGA) b)Target oriented programmes Public Distribution System (PDS)
44

TABLE 9: NET AVAILABILITY, PROCUREMENT AND PUBLIC DISTRIBUTION OF FOOD GRAINS (MILLION TONNES)
Net availability of food grains 1951 52.40 1961 75.70 1971 94.30 1981 114.30 1991 158.60 2001 156.90 2002 189.50 2003 170.60 2004 183.30 2005 170.00 2006 181.90 2007 183.70 2008 183.50 2009 189.50 Source: Economic Survey,2010-11
Year procurement 03.80 00.50 08.90 13.00 19.60 42.60 40.30 34.50 41.10 41.50 37.00 35.80 54.20 60.50 Public distribution 08.00 04.00 07.80 13.00 20.80 13.20 18.20 23.20 28.30 31.00 31.80 32.80 34.70 41.30
45

Nutritional programmes

Integrated Child Development Service(ICDS) Mid-day meal programme Antyodaya Anna Yojane(AAY)

Annapurna scheme

Policies

Macro-Economic policies Agricultural policies

46

TABLE 10: ALLOCATION AND OFFTAKE OF RICE AND WHEAT IN OTHER FOOD BASED SOCIAL SAFETY NET PROGRAMS(2010-11)

ALLOCATION(1000 TONNES) Mid day meal WBNP ICDS Scheme for supply of food grains to SC/ST/OBC hostels/welfare instituitions Annapurna scheme Nutritional program for adolescent girls Emergency feeding program 2626 810

OFF-TAKE(1000 TONNES) 2019 607

% OFF-TAKE
76.9 74.9

408
169 111 18

284
95 59 17

69.6
56.2 53.2 94.4

Total

4142

3081

74.4
47

Source: Department of Food and Public Distribution, 2010

TABLE 11: KEY PUBLIC PROGRAMS IN INDIA AND THEIR CENTRAL PLAN AND NON PLAN OUTLAY: 2010/11
Key Programs Availability Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) National Food Security Mission (NFSM) Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Program (AIBP) Micro Irrigation National Horticulture Mission (NHM) Fertilizer subsidy Accessibility National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme (NREGS) Food Subsidy Bill Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) Absorption Mid Day Meal Scheme Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) National Rural Health Mission (NRHM) Source: GOI, 2010 Outlay (billion Rs) 67.22 13.50 115.00 10.00 10.60 499.80 401.00 555.80 87.00 94.00 150.00 154.40
48

CONCLUSION

Improve the system of procurement agencies, the fair price shops or the methods of distribution

Food loss during ceremonial occasions should be checked Effective implementation and monitoring of National Food Security

Bill-2011

The

government

should

develop

appropriate

policies

and

programmes to check malnutrition as human right issues

Sustained growth of agriculture sector is very vital to ensure food

security
49

50