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OWJ100001 WCDMA RNP
Fundamental
ISSUE 1.0
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Course Objective

Familiarization with radio wave propagation,

principle and preparation for the
subsequent link budget.

Introduction on Antenna key parameters

Understand RF basics, typical components

and instruments for use of wireless
network planning and optimization.
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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF Basics
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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic principles of radio wave
1.2 Propagation features of radio wave
1.3 Propagation model of radio wave
1.4 Correction of propagation model of
radio wave
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Radio Wave Spectrum
The frequencies in each specific band present unique propagation features.
300-3000GHz
EHF Extremely High
Frequency
30-300GHz
SHF Super High Frequency 3-30GHz
UHF Ultra High Frequency 300-3000MHz
VHF Very High Frequency 30-300MHz
HF High Frequency 3-30MHz
MF Medium Frequency 300-3000KHz
LF Low Frequency 30-300KHz
VLF Very-low Frequency 3-30KHz
VF Voice Frequency 300-3000Hz
ELF Extremely Low
Frequency
30-300Hz
3-30Hz
Designation Classification Frequency
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Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave

As radio wave propagates in the air, the electric field direction changes
regularly. This phenomenon is known as polarization of radio wave. The
electric field direction of radio wave is known as radio wave polarization
direction.

Electric field direction of radio wave vertical to the ground: Vertical

polarization wave.

Electric field direction of radio wave parallel with the ground:

Horizontal polarization wave.
electric wave transmission direction
Electric Field
Electric Field

Magnetic Field
Magnetic Field
Electric Field
Dipole
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Perpendicular incidence wave
and ground refraction wave
(most common propagation modes)
Troposphere reflection wave
(the propagation is very random)
Mountain diffraction wave
(shadow area signal source)
Ionosphere refraction wave
(beyond-the-horizon communication path)
Propagation Path
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Building reflection wave
Diffraction wave
Direct wave
Ground reflection wave
Propagation Path
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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic principles of radio wave
1.2 Propagation features of radio wave
1.3 Propagation model of radio wave
1.4 Correction of propagation model of
radio wave
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Radio Propagation Environment

Radio wave propagation is affected by topographic structure

and man-made environment.

The radio propagation environment determine the selection of

propagation models. Main factors that affect environment are:

Natural landform (mountain, hill, plains, water area)

Density, layout and material features of buildings

Natural and man-made electromagnetic noise conditions

Weather conditions

Vegetation features of the region

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Quasi-smooth landform
The landform with a slightly rugged surface and the
surface height difference is less than 20m



Irregular landform
The landforms apart from quasi-smooth landform
are divided to: hill landform, isolated hills, slant
landform, and land & water combined landform.
R
T
T
R
Landform Categories
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distance (m)
Receiving power (dBm)
10 20 30
-20
-40
-60
slow fading
fast fading
Signal Fading
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Measures against fast fading--Diversity
Signal Diversity

Time diversity

Symbol interleaving, error check, error correction code, RAKE receiver

technology.

Space diversity

Signals are received by means of main antenna and diversity antenna.

The receiving signals of the main/diversity antenna do not have the
feature of simultaneous fading. The BTS receivers capability of
balancing the signals of different delays in a certain time range is also a
mode of space diversity.

Frequency diversity

GSM adopts frequency hop technology

CDMA adopts frequency-spreading technology

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Solution
RAKE technology
Radio Wave Delay Extension

Deriving from reflection, it refers to the co-frequency interference

caused by the time difference in the space transmission of main
signals and other multi-path signals received by the receiver.

The transmitting signals come from the objects far away from the
receiving antenna.
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T
R
Diffraction Loss

The electromagnetic wave diffuses around

at the diffraction point.

The diffraction wave covers all directions

except the obstacle.

The diffusion loss is most severe

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0 0

0 0
d
D
w1
w2
E1
E2
XdBm WdBm
Penetration loss =X-W=B dB
Reflection and diffraction of
electromagnetic wave penetrating the wall
Penetration Loss (1)

Indoor signals depend on the penetration loss of the buildings.

The signal at the window is very different from the signal in the middle
of the room.

The material of the building largely affects the penetration loss.

The incidence angle of the electromagnetic wave affects the

penetration loss considerably.

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T
R
Penetration Loss (2)

Penetration loss caused by

obstructions:

Wall obstruction 520dB

Floor obstruction 20dB

Indoor loss value is the function of the floor

number : -1.9dB/floor

Obstruction of furniture and other

obstacles: 215dB

Thick glass 610dB

Penetration loss of train carriage is

1530dB

Penetration loss of lift is 30dB

Dense tree leaves loss 10dB

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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic principles of radio wave
1.2 Propagation features of radio wave
1.3 Propagation model of radio wave
1.4 Correction of propagation model of
radio wave
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Typical Propagation Models

Free air space model

Flat landform propagation model

Okumura/Hata model

COST231-Hata model

COST231 Walfish-Ikegami model

Keenan-Motley model

Computer-aided computing model

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L
o
= 91.48 + 20logd, for f = 900MHz
L
o
= 97.98 + 20logd, for f = 1900MHz
L
o
= 99 + 20logd, for f = 2100MHz
Free Air Space Model
This model applicable is a theoretic model. This environment does not
exist in real life.

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P
loss

= L
0
+ 10_logd - 20logh
b
- 20logh
m

Where
_ = 4 , path loss gradient
h
b
BTS antenna height
h
m
mobile station height
L
0
parameters related to frequency

When BTS antenna height is doubled, the path
loss will be compensated for by 6dB.
R
T
Flat Landform Propagation Model
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Applicable Scope

Frequency range f : 150~1500MHz
BTS antenna height H
b
: 30~200m
Mobile station height H
m
: 1~10m
Distance d : 1~20km
Okumura-Hata Model

Macro cell model

The BTS antenna is taller than the

surrounding buildings

Predication is not applicable in 1km

Not applicable to the circumstance where

the frequency is above 1500MHz
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L
u
=69.55 + 26.16logf - 13.82logh
b
+(44.9 -65.5logh
b
)logd - a(H
m
)
Okumura-Hata Model
Urban (medium and small cities) :

a (Hm) = [1.1*log(f) - 0.7]*Hm - [1.56*log(f) - 0.8]

Dense urban (big cities):

a (Hm) = 8.29*[log(1.54*Hm)]2 - 1.1for f <= 200 MHz

a (Hm) = 3.2*[log(11.75*Hm)]2 - 4.97 for f >= 400 MHz

Suburban:

Lsu (dB) = Lu - 2*[log(f/28)]2-5.4

Rural area (quasi open area):

Lrqo (dB) = Lu - 4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

Rural areas (open area):

Lro (dB) = Lu - 4.78*[log(f)]2+18.33*log(f)-40.94

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COST 231-Hata Model
Applicable Scope
Frequency range f :1505~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hb :30~200m
Mobile station height Hm:1~10m
Distance d :1~20km

Macro cell model

The BTS antenna is taller than the

surrounding buildings

Predication is not applicable in 1km

Not applicable to the circumstance where the

frequency is above 2000MHz or below
1500MHz
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Lu(dB)= 46.3 + 33.9*log(f) - 13.82*log(Hb) - a(Hm)
+ [44.9 - 6.55*log(Hb)]*log(d) + Cm
COST 231-Hata Model
Medium city and suburban central areas:

Cm = 0 dB
Big cities:

Cm = 3 dB
Rural areas (quasi open area) :

Lrqo (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2 + 18.33*log(f)-35.94

Rural areas (open area) :

Lro (dB) = Lu-4.78*[log(f)]2+18.33*log(f)-40.94

Hb:
BTS antenna height
; Hm:
Mobile station height

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Applicable Scope:
Frequency range f : 800~2000MHz
BTS antenna height Hb : 4~50m
Mobile station height Hm: 1~3m
Distance d : 0.02~5km
Building height Hroof (m)
Pavement width w (m)
Building interval b (m)
Street direction against the perpendicular incidence wave
direction
COST 231 Walfish-Ikegami Model
Urban environment, macro cell or micro cell
Not applicable to suburban or rural environment
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COST231 Walfish-Ikegami Model
Lb = 42.6 + 26*log(d) + 20*log(f) for d >= 0.020 km
Or:
Lb = Lo for d < 0.02km
In the model, Lo is the propagation loss in a free space.
For built-up streets (Street Canyon) propagation environments, the
BTS antenna is usually lower than the surrounding building roof.
Affected by the propagation environment, the radio signals usually
can be propagated only along the street direction.
Line-of-sight path is available between BTS and mobile station LOS
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P
loss
=K1 + K2log(d) + K3(Hms) + K4log(Hms) + K5log(Heff)
+ K6log(Heff)log(d) + K7 + Kclutter
Pathloss: Path Loss(dB)

K1 : Frequency-related constants
K2 : Distance attenuation constant
K3, K4 : Mobile station antenna height correction
coefficient
K5,K6 : BTS antenna height correction coefficient
K7 : Diffraction correction coefficient
Kclutter : Clutter attenuation correction coefficient
D : Distance between BTS and mobile station (km)
Hms : Height of MS to ground (m)
Heff : Effective height of BS antenna (m)
Universal ASSET planning software model (I)
K Reference Value
K1
152/1800M Urban
K2 44.90
K3 -2.55
K4 0.00
K5 -13.82
K6 -6.55
K7 -0.80
Radio Propagation Model
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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
1.1 Basic principles of radio wave
1.2 Propagation features of radio wave
1.3 Propagation model of radio wave
1.4 Correction of propagation model of
radio wave
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Model Tuning

Significance of model correction:

Propagation model is a foundation of cell planning of mobile

communication network. Accuracy of propagation model affects the
reasonableness of the cell planning, and affects whether the operator
can meet the user requirements cost-effectively.

In order to obtain the radio propagation model in the actual environment

in the local area, and improve the prediction accuracy, and lay a strong
foundation for network planning, it is necessary to correct the
propagation model.
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Basic Principles and Procedures
Error compliant with
requirements?
Target propagation environment
CW data collection
Measured propagation path loss
Selected propagated environment
parameter setting
Forecast propagation path loss
Comparison
End
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5
m
Site Selection

Criteria for selecting a site:

aThe antenna height is greater than 20m.

bThe antenna is at least 5m taller than the nearest obstacle.

cObstacle here means the tallest building on the roof of the

antenna. The building serving as a site should be taller than the
average height of the surrounding buildings.
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Transmitting subsystems:

transmitting antenna, feeder, high-frequency signal source, antenna bracket

Receiving subsystem:


Test receiver, GPS receiver, test software, portable
Test Platform
Signal source
Power
Amplifier
drive tester
(built-in GPS)

Portable
Computer
Power
Supply

High-frequency
signal source
Receiving
Antenna
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Test Path(1)

Rules of selecting a test path:

Landform: the test path must consider all main landforms in

the region.

Height: If the landform is very rugged, the test path must

consider the landforms of different heights in the region.

Distance: The test path must consider the positions differently

away from the site in the region.

Direction: The test points on the lengthways path must be

identical with that on the widthways path.

Length: The total length of the distance in one CW test should

be greater than 60km.

Number of test points: The more the test points are, the better
(>10000 points, >4 hours as a minimum)
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Test Path(2)

Rules of selecting a test path:

Overlaying: The test path of

different test sites can be preferably
overlapped to increase the reliability
of the model.

Obstacles: When the antenna

signals are obstructed by one side
of the building, do not run to the
shadow area behind this side of
building.
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Drive Test

The sampling law is meets the Richard Law :40 wavelengths,

50 sampling points

Upper limit of drive speed: Vmax=0.8/Tsample

The test results obtained in exceptional circumstances must

be removed from the sampling data.

Sampling point with too high fading (more than 30dB) ;

In a tunnel

Under a viaduct

If using a directional antenna for CW test, the test path is

selected from the main lobe coverage area.
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Test Data Processing

The test data needs to be processed before being able to be

identified by the planning software. The processing procedure is :

Data filtering

Data dispersion

Geographic averaging

Format conversion
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Preparations

Install the network planning software:

Enterprise is a piece of powerful planning and

optimization software. Model correction is just one module
of it .

Create a project

In the U-net, all the planning & optimization and model

correction work is performed on the basis of each project.

Import the antenna direction diagram document

The antenna direction diagram varies between

manufacturers, and should be imported correctly.

Create a model and import the data

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Filtering setting
Model Tuning

Distance filtering :

Recommended to:
filter out these data: r<150m or r>3km

Signal strength filtering:

Recommended to: filter out these data:

Signal>-40dBm or Signal<-121dBm

Clutter filtering:

Recommended to: filter out the clutters where the

number of sample points that fall within the clutter is
less than 300
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Model Tuning

Analysis on correction result

After correction is finished, it is necessary to analyze the

accuracy of the obtained model.

Accuracy of model means the extent of fitting between

the model obtained after correction and the actual test
environment. Generally, it is evaluated via the value of
RMS Error.

The best situation is RMS Error<8, which indicates that

the corrected model fits in with the actual environment. In
the actual model correction, the RMS Error should
preferably get closer to that value.
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Questions

Which band of radio wave is used for the mobile

communication system?

In what modes do the radio waves propagate?

What are the two modes of signal fading in the radio

propagation environment? What are their
characteristics and reasons of generation?

What are modes of signal propagation loss in the radio

propagation environment?

Which propagation models are frequently seen? What

are their application environments?
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Summary

This chapter deals with radio wave. The learning

points include:

Propagation path of radio wave

Loss and dispersion characteristics of radio

wave, and main compensation solutions

Typical radio wave models, main parameters

involved

Methods of correcting radio propagation

models
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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF Basics
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Positions and Functions of Antenna
Lightning protection
device
main feeder
(7/8)
Feeder
clip
Cabling
rack
Grounding device
3-connector seal component
insulation sealing tape, PVC
insulation tape
Antenna adjustment bracket
GSM/CDMA
plate-shape
antenna
radio mast (|50~114mm)
Outdoor
feeder
Indoor super
flexible feeder
Feeder cabling
window
main device
of BTS
BTS antenna & feeder system diagram
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Feed network
Antenna
Connector
Dipole
Feed network
Antenna
Connector
Feed network
Dipole
Directional antenna omni antenna
Working Principles of Mobile Antenna
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- Categorize by emission direction

Directional antenna omni antenna
Categories of Antenna (1)
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- Categorize by appearance

Plate-shape
antenna
cap-shape
antenna
whip-shape
paraboloid
antenna
Categories of Antenna (II)
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Categories of Antenna (3)
Omni antenna
Uni-polarization
Directional antenna
Dual polarization
Directional antenna
- Categorize by polarization

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Electrical Indices of Antenna
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Symmetric half-wave dipole direction diagram
Top view side view
directional antenna direction diagram
omni antenna direction diagram
Antenna Direction Diagram
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dBi and dBd
2.15dB
Antenna Gain
Half-power
lobe width
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Beam width, front/back suppression ratio, zero point filling, upper

side lobe suppression
Other Electric Indices of Antenna
Side lobe
Zero point filling
Main lobe
Max value
Zero point filling
Vertical pattern
Back lobe
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Beam width, front/back suppression ratio, zero point filling, upper

side lobe suppression
Other Electric Indices of Antenna
horizontal
half-power angles
Horizontal pattern
Front to back
ratio
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Mechanical down tilt
electric down tilt
Mechanical Down Tilt and Electric Down Tilt
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Wave-standing ratio of antenna
9.5 W
80
ohms
50 ohms
Forward: 10W
Reflection: 0.5W
Electric Indices of Antenna
If and respectively stand for the input impedance and

nominal impedance of the antenna, the reflectance is

where . The matching feature of a

port can also be indicated by Reflection Loss. If

will be 13.98
A
Z
o
Z
o A
o A
Z + Z
Z Z
= I
I
I +
=
1
1
VSWR
O = 50
o
Z
1 : 5 . 1 = VSWR
( ) dB L R . .
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f1 f2 f3 f4
f2-f1 f3-f2 f4-f3
f3-f1 f4-f2
f4-f1
Method of judging third order intermodulation
Electric Indices of Antenna

Reasons of passive intermodulation

Magnetic substance exists

The junction is not tight.

The metals of different

materials contact each other.

The contact surfaces of the

same material are not smooth.
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Mechanical Indices of Antenna

Antenna input interface

antenna size

antenna weight

wind load

working temperature

humidity requirements

lightning protection

three-prevention capability
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Overview
Dynamic Multi-beam Antenna System
Traditional Beams Fixed Multi-beams
Adaptive
Multi-beams antenna
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Dynamic Multi-beam Antenna System

Main features

Formation of multi-beam

Beam direction controllable

Lobe width controllable

Beam distance controllable

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Smart Antenna System
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Questions

How are antennas categorized by emission

direction, and by appearance?

What are electric indices of antenna?

What are mechanical indices of antenna?

Into which types does the distributed antenna

system break down?

What are main differences between intelligent

antenna and dynamic multi-beam antenna?
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Summary of the chapter

Working principles of antenna

Categories of antenna

Electric indices of antenna

Mechanical indices of antenna

New technologies of antenna

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Chapter 1 Radio Wave Introduction
Chapter 2 Antenna
Chapter 3 RF Basics
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Absolute power(dBm)
The absolute power of RF signals is notated by dBm and dBW.
Their conversion relationships with mW and W are: e.g., the signal
power is x W, its size notated by dBm is:

For example, 1W=30dBm=0dBW.
p(dBm) = 10 log log log(
X1000(mW)
1(mW)
)

p(dBW) = 10 log log log(
X(W)
1(W)
)

Relative power(dB)
It is the logarithmic notation of the ratio of any two powers. dBc is
the logarithmic notation of the ratio of the output power at a
frequency and the carrier output power.


Introduction to Power Unit
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SystemView
0
0
500.e-3
500.e-3
1
1
1.5
1.5
2
2
-40
-20
0
20
40
A
m
p
l i t
u
d
e
Time in Seconds
Sink 1
Peak power of signal, Average power and Peak-to-Average Ratio (PAR)
Power-related Concepts
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Noise-related Concepts

Noise

Noise means the unpredictable interference signal that occur

during the signal processing (the point frequency interference
is not counted as noise)

Noise figure

Noise figure is used for measuring the processing capability

of the RF component for small signals, and is usually defined
as: output SNR divided by unit input SNR.
NF
Si
Ni
So
No
NF
Pno
GPni
.
Linear system
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Noise-related Concepts

Noise figure formula of cascaded network

G1 NF1G2 NF2Gn NFn
NF

NF
1
NF
2
1
G
1
...
NF
n
1
G
1
G
2
.
...
.
G
n 1
.
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Digital Modulation
The binary
digital sequence
ASK
FSK
PSK
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Application of Modulation Technologies
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Spurious Emission

Spurious emission

Spurious emission refers to the signals emitted in the

band outside the frequency range specified by the
spectrum transmission template of the transmitter, as
different from the useful signals. Spurious emission
includes harmonic component, parasitic emission, inter-
modulation product, and transmitter inter-modulation
product. Such spurious emission results in interference of
other wireless communication systems. This index aims to
improve the electromagnetic compatibility of the system,
and make the system coexist with other systems (e.g.,
GSM). This also ensures normal operation of the system
itself.
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Downlink Channel RF Indices

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR)

The ACLR is used for measuring the outband emission feature of the
transmitter. ACLR is defined as the ratio of the adjacent channel power to
the main channel power, and is expressed by dBc, as shown in the
following diagram:
Main channel Adjacent band
Protection band
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Receiving sensitivity

Receiving sensitivity

Expressed with power: Smin=10log(KTB)+ Ft +(S/N), unit: dBm
K is a Boltzmann constant, unit: J/K (joule /K)



T represents absolute temperature, unit: K
B represents signal bandwidth, unit: Hz
Ft represents noise figure, unit: dB
(S/N) represents required signal-to-noise ratio, unit: dB
If B=1Hz, 10log(KTB)=-174dBm/Hz
K = 1.38066 10
19
J/K
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Receiver Blocking Index

Blocked

Blocking index is used for measuring the anti-

interference capability of the receiver. It describes
the circumstance that the receiver incurs
individual tone or modulation signal interference,
but the interference signal does not fall on the
adjacent channel or spurious response band. The
specific index requirement depends on different
systems. The blocking index requires the receiver
front end to have a higher third order cutoff point
(i.e., a great linear trend), and requires the mid-
frequency filter to have a good selectivity.
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Several Typical RF Components
Power splitter Coupler Trunk amplifier
Combiner
Power amplifier Attenuator
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Questions

Please name the typical units for expressing the

absolute power, and their conversion relationship.

What is the definition of PAR?

What is the definition of noise figure? Set out the

cascaded noise figure formula?

What is spurious emission? What is adjacent

channel leakage?

Give the sensitivity formula.

List several modulation modes. What modulation

mode is applied to WCDMA?
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Summary of This Chapter

This chapter deals with the basic concepts

of RF: power-related concepts, noise-
related concepts, concepts and types of
modulation, spurious emission, adjacent
channel leakage, and sensitivity index of
receiving channel, and introduces the
typical RF components and RF
instruments at the end.
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