Selective logging effects to residual stand of natural forest

Selective logging effect

Changes of nutrient content in the forest ecosystem caused by selective logging in PT ITCI, East Kalimantan (Ruhiyat, 1989). Harvesting yield of 80 m/ha.
CHANGE OF NUTRIENT
Nutrient exported through selective logging of 80 m/ha woods during felling cycle of 35 yr. Input of nutrient through rain water during 35 yr.

K (kg/ha)
33

Ca (kg/ha)
78

Mg (kg/ha)
10

227

192

70

0,5-5,0% nutrient content of forest ecosystem exported outside. It can be replaced by nutrient from rain water during the rotation. No data of nutrient loss, which doesnt captured by the plant roots.

Selective logging and stand structure (Sutisna, Suyana, 1997 in PT ITCI, Bpp)
NO
1

DESCRIPTION
Trees harvested (stem/3ha): All size Smaller trees (d 30-49 cm)

D 50cm (3 HA)
28 0

D 30cm (3 HA)
49 7

DIFFERE NCE
+21 +7

2
3

Tree species number harvested, 3 ha

Wood volume harvested at log yard (m/ha) Wood volume harvested all size (d 30cm) Wood volume smaller trees (d 30-49cm) Density of residual stand: % of tree number % of basal area (m/ha) Broken tree number by each felled tree (data 3 ha): Broken tree per ha (data 3 ha) % Survived tree in Et+0

10
105,19 0 76 66 7,8 73 71

12
165,26 14,64 54 45 7,4 121 62

+2
+60,07 +14,64 -22 -21 -0,4 +48 -11

5 6

% of whole exposed soil: Skidding road (% area) broken area (% area)

27,3 6,8 20,5

44,5 7,5 37,0

+0,7 +16,5

Biodiversity changes of tree species (Matius, 1997 in PT ITCI, Bpp).

NO 1 DESCRIPTION TREE in 1 ha: All species number Dipterocarpaceae SAPLING in 1 ha: All species number Dipterocarpaceae SEEDLING in 1 ha: All species number Dipterocarpaceae FELLING D LIMIT 50 CM FELLING D LIMIT 30 CM

BEFORE
106 10

AFTER
75 8

LOSS
31 2

BEFORE
130 14

AFTER
81 1

LOSS
49 3

102 47
59 6

58 20
32 5

44 27
27 1

102 11
53 6

51 5
33 4

51 6
20 2

Index Shanon-Wiener

5.51

5.09

0.4

6.07

5.52

0.55

Removal of competitor trees to improve the growth of crop trees:

Called as thinning if the removal trees are so large for using as construction wood Steps of timber stand improvement: - refining -> negative choice -> removal of weeds/shrubs - liberation -> positive choice -> removal of shade trees.

Trees to be removed and to be retained Removed trees: shade/press damaged rubbing doubted climbers. Side tree (non crop trees): shorter tree feed tree periphery trees riparian trees.

Refinement effect
(slash of weeds after selective logging)

Woell (1988) in Mindanao (the Philippines) 18 yrs after selective logging, in the former canopy gap there are 3,2 times more dipterocarp young trees compared with undisturbed forest. Refinement/refining doesnt effect growth of trees, but release seedlings and saplings from the pressure of other vegetation. In Balikpapan after 9 yrs after selective logging: 1x refining: 1500 stem/ha regeneration 3x refining: 3000 stem/ha regeneration 7x refining: 4500 stem/ha regeneration