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Windows NT
Rehana Shrestha
History of Linux
1991; self-contained kernel for 80386 processor, the first true 32-bit processor in Intels range of PC-compatible CPUs Development revolved largely around the central operatingsystem kernel - that manages all system resources and that interacts directly with the hardware The Kernel is an entirely original piece of software developed from scratch by the Linux community The Linux system includes a multitude of components, some written from scratch, others borrowed from other development projects or created in collaboration with other teams Linux distribution includes all the standard components of the Linux system, a set of administrative tools to simplify the initial installation and upgrading of Linux, and to manage installation and de-installation of other packages on the system
History of Windows NT
1988 by Microsoft; portable operating system that supported both the OS/2 and POSIX application programming interfaces (APIs). NT was supposed to use the OS/2 API as its native environment, but during the development NT was changed to use the 32-bit Windows API for Win32 API, reflecting the popularity of Windows 3.0 The first Version of NT were Windows NT 3.1 and Windows NT 3.1 Advanced Server. In Version 4.0, NT adopted the Windows 95 user interface and incorporated Internet web-server and browser software
Design Principles of NT
Extensibility, portability, reliability, compatibility, performance, and international support Extensibility: hopes to keep up with advancement in computing technology NT uses loaded drivers in the I/O system, so that new file systems, new kinds of I/O devices, and new kinds of networking can be added while the system is running NT utilizes a client-server model like the Mac operating system, and supports distributed processing by remote procedure calls Portable: it can be moved from one hardware architecture to another with relatively few changes.
Design Principles of NT
Reliability: ability to handle error conditions, including the ability of the operating system to protect itself and its users from defective or malicious software. NT comes with a file system, called the native NT file system (NTFS), that recovers automatically from many kinds of file system errors after a system crash. Compatibility: NT can run the executable binaries for many programs compiled for Intel X86 running MS-DOS, 32-bit Windows, OS/2, LAN Manager, and 32-bit Windows. Performance: communicate with one another efficiently by a local-procedure-call facility that provides high-performance message passing International use: support for different locales via the national language support API.
System Components of NT
The architecture of NT is a layered system of modules. The main layers are the hardware, abstraction layer, the kernel and the executive that run in protected mode, and a large collection of subsystems that run in user mode.
Kernel of Linux
First Linux kernel was version 0.01, dated May 14th 1991. It has no networking, ran on only 80386 compatible Intel processors and PC hardware, and had extremely limited device-driver support In March 14, 1994 Linux 1.0 was released. This included support for UNIXs standard TCP/IP networking protocols as well as a BSD compatible socket interface for networking programming. Device-driver support was added for running IP over an Ethernet or over serial lines or modems.
Kernel of Windows NT
The kernel of NT provides the foundation for the executive and the subsystems. It has four main responsibilities: thread scheduling, interrupt and exception handling, low-level processor synchronization, and recovery after a power failure. The kernel is object-oriented. An object type in NT is a system-defined data type that has a set of attributes and a set of methods. The kernel uses two sets of objects. The first set of objects is the dispatcher objects. These control dispatching and synchronization in the system. The second set of kernel objects comprises the control objects. These objects include asynchronous procedure calls, interrupts, power notify, power status, process, and profile objects
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Memory Management of NT
The Win32 API provides several ways for an application to use memory: virtual memory, memory-mapped files, heaps, and thread-local storages. One way to use memory is by memory mapping a file into its address space. Memory mapping is also a convenient way for two processes to share memory both processes map the same file into their virtual memory. Memory mapping is a multistage process
Security of Linux
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Security of Windows NT
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Security of an NTFS volume is derived from the NT object model. Each file object has a security descriptor attribute stored in its MFT record. This attribute contains the access token of the owner of the file, and an access-control list that states the access privileges that are granted to each user that has access to the file.
Networking in Linux
supports number of protocols native to other, non-UNIX operating systems such as Apple-Talk and IPX. The important set of protocols in the Linux networking system is the Internet Protocol (IP) suite. This suite comprises a number of separate protocols. The IP implements routing between different hosts anywhere on the network. On top of the routing protocol are built the UDP, TCP, and ICMP protocols. The UDP protocol carries arbitrary individual datagrams between hosts, whereas TCP implements reliable connections between hosts with guaranteed in-order delivery of packets and automatic retransmission of lost data. ICMP is used to carry various error and status messages between hosts. Internally, networking in the Linux kernel is implemented by three layers of software: a. The socket interface b. Protocol drivers c. Network device drivers
Networking in Windows NT
NT supports both peer-to-peer and client-server networking The networking components in NT provide data transport, inter-process communication, file sharing across a network, and the ability to send print jobs to remote printers. NT comes with several networking protocols
Server message-block protocol is used to send I/O requests over the network. Network Basic Input/Output System (NetBIOS) is a hardwareabstraction interface for networks, which is used to establish logical names on the network, to establish logical connections or sessions between two logical names on the network, and to support reliable data transfer for a session via either NetBIOS or SMB requests
Networking in Windows NT
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The NetBIOS Extended User Interface (NetBEUI) was introduced by IBM in 1985 as a simple, efficient networking protocol for up to 254 machines. It is the default protocol for Windows 95 peer networking and for Windows for Workgroups. The point-to-point tunneling protocol (PPTP) is a new protocol provided by Windows NT 4.0 to communicate between remoteaccess server modules running on NT machines that are connected over the Internet. The data-link control (DLC) protocol is used to access IBM mainframes and HP printer that are connected directly to the network. The AppleTalk protocol was designed as a low-cost connection by Apple so that Macintosh computers could share files. NT systems can share files and printers with Macintosh computers via AppleTalk if an NT server on the network is running the Windows NT Services for Macintosh package.
References
www.whatis.com www.ask.com Operating System Concepts, Fifth Edition