Chapter 1 : MATTER

1.1 Atoms and Molecules 1.2 Mole Concept

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1.1 Atoms and Molecules

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Subatomic particles

MATTER
1.1 ATOMS &
MOLECULE

Proton no, nucleon no Isotope , isotope notation Ar, Mr Mass spectrometer Analyze mass spectrum

Cations,

anions,salts
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Calculate average atomic mass

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Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able : (a) Identify and describe proton, electron and neutron as subatomic particle. (b) Define proton number, Z, nucleon number, A and isotope. Write isotope notation. (c) Define relative atomic mass, Ar and relative molecular mass, Mr based on the C-12 scale.

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Introduction

Matter Anything that occupies space and has mass. e.g air, water, animals, trees, atoms, ..

Matter may consists of atoms, molecules or ions.

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Three States of Matter

SOLID
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LIQUID
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GAS
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1.1 Atoms and Molecules

1.1.1 Atoms

An atom is the smallest unit of a chemical element/compound. In an atom, there are three subatomic particles: Proton (p) Packed in a small nucleus Neutron (n)

Electron (e)

Move rapidly around the nucleus of an atom

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Modern Model of the Atom

Electrons cloud

Electrons move around the region of the atom. (The nucleus is surrounded by a cloud of electrons 10/28/2013 matter

Fundamental Particles of Atoms

The particles in a nucleus are called nucleons which made up of protons and neutrons.

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Subatomic Particles
Particle Symbol Charge (units) Relative Approximate mass relative (a.m.u) mass (units) 1.0
1.007

Proton (p) Neutron (n) Electron (e)

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1p

+1 0 -1
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0n

1.009

1.0 0
10

-1 e

0.000543 (1/1840)

Effect of Electric and Magnetic Fields on Subatomic Particles

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The behaviour of a beam of protons,neutrons and electrons in an electric field

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The NEGATIVE electrons are deflected to the positive plate.

The neutrons, which do not carry any electrical charge, are not deflected. The POSITIVE protons are deflected to the negative plate.

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The behaviour of a beam of protons,neutrons and electrons in a magnetic field

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The beams of electrons is deflected much more the the beam of protons in the electric or magnetic field. This shows the electrons are lighter than protons

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STPM 2003/P2/Q1

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Elements
A substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical reactions. example: Na , Al, C, Ne

An element is composed of atoms of only one kind. example: oxygen gas, florine gas

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Isotope

Isotopes are two or more atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons in their nucleus but different number of neutrons. Examples:
1 1

200 80

Hg

2 1

H (D)

3 1

H (T)
200 80

Hg

235 92
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238 92
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U
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Isotopes have the same chemical properties because they are atoms of the same element and different physical properties.
These physical properties include melting point,boiling point,density and rate of of diffusion.

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Stable and Unstable isotopes

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Isotope Notation
An atom can be represented by an isotope notation

( atomic symbol )

X= Z=

element symbol Proton Number of X = p A = Nucleon Number of X = Z+n

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Nucleon number of mercury, A = 202

Total charge on the ion

The number of neutrons =AZ = 202 80 = 122

Number of atoms that formed the ion

proton number of mercury, Z = 80

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Exercise 1

Give the number of protons, neutrons,electrons and charge in each of the following species: Symbol
200 80 63 29
17 8

Number of : Proton Neutron Electron

Charge

Hg Cu
2

59 27
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Co

3
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Exercise 1(answer)

Give the number of protons, neutrons,electrons and charge in each of the following species: Symbol
200 80 63 29
17 8

Number of : Proton Neutron Electron

Charge

Hg Cu
2

80 29

120 34

80 29

0 0

8
27

9
32
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24

23+
30

59 27
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Exercise 2

Write the appropriate notation for each of the following nuclide : Number of : Proton A 2 Notation for Neutron Electron nuclide 2 2

Species

B
C D
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1
1 7

2
1 7
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0
1 10
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Exercise 2(answer)

Write the appropriate notation for each of the following nuclide : Number of : Proton A 2 Notation for Neutron Electron nuclide 2 2

Species

B
C D
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1
1 7

2
1 7
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0
1 10
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Special case
14 7 N

;
14 6 C + 0 +1e

(Positron Emission)

Exercises; Write equations for the following radioactive decay reactions.Identify X and Y. (a) 146 C X ( decay) (b) 23994 Pu Y ( decay)
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1.1.5 Ion

Two types of ions :

a) cation

b) anion

Cation a positive charge ion formed when a neutral atom loses an electron(s).

Anion a negative charge ion formed when a neutral atom gains an electron(s).

Na

Na+

Cl

Cl-

11 protons 11 protons 11 electrons 10 electrons

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17 protons 17 protons 17 electrons 18 electrons

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STPM 2003/P2/Q1(b)

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Molecule

A molecule consists of a small number of atoms joined together by bonds.

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A diatomic molecule Contains only two atoms Example : H2, N2, O2, Br2, HCl, CO A polyatomic molecule Contains more than two atoms Example : O3, H2O, NH3, CH4
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plot of the number of neutrons,N, against the number of protons,P, for all non-reactive nuclei fall in a well defined belt or band in (figure 1.3)

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Relative Isotopic Mass

i.

Relative Isotopic Mass

A mass of one atom of the isotope compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000

Re lative Isotopic mass, Mass of one atom of the isotope 1 X Mass of one atom of 12C 12
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Isotope

Relative Isotopic Mass Nucleon Number

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Relative Mass
ii. Relative Atomic Mass, Ar
A mass of one atom of an element compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000

Re lative atomic mass, Ar Mass of one atom of element 1 X Mass of one atom of 12C 12
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Example 1

Determine the relative atomic mass of an element Y if the ratio of the atomic mass of Y to carbon-12 atom is 0.45 ANSWER:

Ar (Y) : Ar (Carbon-12)= 0.45 : 1

Ar (Y ) 0.45 Ar (carbon 12 ) 1
Ar (Y) =0.45 x Ar (carbon-12) = 0.45 x 12 = 5.4
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iii)

Relative Molecular Mass, Mr A mass of one molecule of a compound compared to 1/12 mass of one atom of 12C with the mass 12.000

Relative molecular mass, Mr Mass of one molecule of a compound 1 X Mass of one atom of 12
12

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The relative molecular mass of a compound is the summation of the relative atomic masses of all atoms in a molecular formula.
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Example 2

Calculate the relative molecular mass of C5H5N, Ar C = 12.01 Ar H = 1.01 Ar N = 14.01 ANSWER:

Mr

= = =

5(Ar of C) + 5(Ar of H) + Ar of N 5(12.01) + 5(1.01) + 14.01 60.05 + 5.05 + 14.01 79.11

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 For

elements that have isotopes, the relative atomic mass is calculated by using the formula:

Relative =
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m1X

atomic mass, (Ar) + m2y + m3z 100

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Where,
m1, m2, m3 = nucleon numbers of isotopes 1,2 and 3 respectively.

x,y,z

= relative abundance of isotopes 1,2 and 3 respectively.

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Calculate the relative atomic mass of naturally occurring silicon from the following data.
Isotopes Relative abundance

Silicon-28
Silicon-29

92.21%
4.7%

Silicon-30
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3.09%
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Relative atomic mass, (Ar) of Silicon,

= (28 x 92.21) +(29 x 4.7) + (30 x 3.09) 100 = 28.1

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Many compounds do not exist as molecules.

When considering ionic compounds such as sodium chloride,Na+Cl- , the term RFM issued in place of RMM. Sodium Chloride- made up of positive and negative ions and not molecules
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 The

mass of an ion is very close to the mass of its atom.

the RAM of the atoms are used to calculate the RFM.

Hence,

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STPM 2006/P1/Q1

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Learning Outcome
At the end of this lecture, students should be able : (a) Sketch and explain the following main components of a simple mass spectrometer.

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Mass Spectrometer

A mass spectrometer is used to determine: i. Relative atomic mass of an element ii. Relative molecular mass of a compound iii. Types of isotopes, the abundance and its relative isotopic mass iv. Recognize the structure of the compound in an unknown sample
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A Mass Spectrometer
Ionisation Chamber Vaporisation Chamber

Accelaration Chamber

Magnetic Chamber

Ion Beam
Heated Filament Vacuum Pump AMPLIFIER
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Ion Detector

Recorder

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Vaporisation Chamber

sample of the element is vaporised into gaseous atom

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Ionisation Chamber
- A gaseous sample is bombarded by a stream of high-energy electrons that are emitted from a hot filament. - Collisions between the electrons and the gaseous sample produce positive ions

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Acceleration Chamber
the positive ions are accelerated by an electric field towards the two oppositely charge plates
-

- the electric field is produced by a high voltage between the two plates
- the emerging ions are of high and constant velocity.
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Vacuum Pump

A pump maintains a vacuum inside the mass spectrometer to avoid any small particle that would block the movement.

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Magnetic Field
-

The positive ions are separated and deflected into a circular path by a magnet according to its mass / charge (m/e) ratio. Positive ions with small m/e ratio are deflected most . Ions with large m/e ratio are deflected least.
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Beam of 35Cl+ and 37Cl+

35Cl+

37Cl+

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Ion Detector
The numbers of ions and types of isotopes are recorded as a mass spectrum. Example : A mass spectrum of Mg

Relative abundance

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8.1 9.1 24 25 26
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Mass Spectrum of Magnesium

Relative abundance

The mass spectrum of Mg shows that Mg consists of three isotopes: 24Mg, 25Mg and 26Mg.

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The height of each line is 9.1 propartional to the 8.1 abundance of each 24 25 26 m/e (amu) isotope.
24Mg

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is the most abundant of the three isotopes

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Figure 1.4 and 1.5 shows the passages of 16O+ , 17O+ , 18O+ and 18O2+ through a magnetic field.

Identify the particles A,B,C and D

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Learning Outcome At the end of this lecture, students should be able :

(a) Analyse mass spectrum of an element.

Calculate the average atomic mass of an element given the relative abundance of isotopes or a mass spectrum.

(b) Name cation, anions and salt according to the IUPAC nomenclature.
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How to calculate the relative atomic mass from mass spectrum?

Q i Mi Ar Q i
Q = the relative abundance / percentage abundance of an isotope of the element M= the relative isotopic mass of the element
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18

85

Fig 1.1 shows the mass spectrum of the element rubidium, Rb; a. What isotopes are present in 85Rb and 87Rb Rb? b. What is the percentage abundance of each isotope? 7 % abundance 85Rb = 18 x 100 25 87 m/e (amu) = 72 %
1.

Example 1

Relative abundance

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% abundance 87Rb = 7 x 100 25 = 28 %

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Example 1 (cont)
c. Calculate the relative atomic mass of Rb.

QiMi Average mass of Rb Qi (18x85) (7 x87) 25 85.56 amu A r of Rb 85.56 amu

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1 x12.00 amu 12 85.56

Example 2

The relative atomic mass of 6Li and 7Li are 6.01 and 7.02 . 3 3 What is the percentage abundanceof each isotope if the relative atomic mass of Li is 6.94?
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Assume that, % abundance of 6Li % abundance of 7Li Ar Li = 6.94 =

= =

X% (100 - x) %

6.94 =
694 -702 = +8 = X =
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QiMi Qi X (6.01) + (100 X) 7.02 X + 100 X 6.01 X + 702 7.02 X 100 -1.01 X +1.01 X 7.92 %
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So, % abundance of 6Li And % abundance of 7Li

= =

7.92 % 92.08 %

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Isotopic Abundance

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Interpreting Mass Spectra in Terms of Relative Abundance of Isotopes

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Interpreting Mass Spectra in Terms of Molecular fragments

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The mass spectrum of Methane

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The mass spectrum of Ethanol

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Solution :

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Solution;

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IUPAC Nomenclature of Ions

A) Cations i) For the metals of group 1, 2 and 13 : Name the metals followed by the word ions e.g : Na+ : sodium ion, Al3+ : aluminium ion

ii) For the metal with more oxidation states, Roman numerals are used to indicate the oxidation state. e.g : Cu2+ : copper(II) ion, Fe3+ : iron(III) ion
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B. Anions Monoatomic ions have names that ended with ide

e.g : F- : fluoride ion,

O2- : oxide ion

Other polyatomic anions have their own names

e.g : CO32- : carbonate ion,

SO42- : sulphate ion,

Cr2O72- : dichromate ion

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 When

a metal combines with a non-metal element, the metal is named before the nonmetal
Example : Fe2(SO4)3 - Iron(III) sulphate

FeCl3 - Iron(III) chloride

CuCl2 - copper(II) chloride

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