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M Faraday
Electricity Distribution
The electricity is produced at power generating stations at 25 kilovolt (kV) potential, in three-phase supply. Thereafter it is processed by step-up transformers to 132, 275 or 400 kV before connecting to the national grid. Power to large towns and cities is by overhead lines at 132 kV or 33 kV where it is
Step-up transformer
Consumer Unit
Historically, electrical installations required a separate fuse and isolator for each circuit.
Modern practice is to rationalize this into one `fuse box' , known as a consumer 's power supply control unit or consumer unit for short. Each fuse or mcb is selected with a rating in accordance with its circuit function. Traditional fuses are rated at 5, 15, 20, 30 and 45 amps whilst the more modern mcbs
are rated in accordance with BS EN 60898: Circuit breakers for over current protection
for household and similar installations.
Consumer Unit
Power Sockets
Power sockets should be positioned between 150 mm and 250 mm above work surfaces and between 450 mm and 1200 mm above floor levels. An exception is in buildings designed for the elderly or infirm, where socket heights should be between 750 and 900 mm above the floor. Every socket terminal should be fitted with a double outlet to reduce the need for
adaptors.
The following provides guidance on the minimum provision for power sockets in domestic accommodation:
Light
Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation. It is similar in nature and behavior to radio waves at one end of the frequency spectrum and X-rays at the other.
Light is reflected from a polished (specular) surface at the same angle that strikes it.
A matt surface reflects in a number of directions and a semi-matt surface responds somewhere between a polished and a matt surface.
E.g. 1 - A spotlight of luminous intensity 20,000 candelas directed perpendicularly onto a flat surface at 6 m distance. Calculate the illumination on the surface?
2. Luminous flux - lumen (lm), a measurement of the visible light energy emitted.
3. Illuminance - Lumens per square metre (lm/m falling on a surface. 4. Efficacy - efficiency of lamps in lumens per watt (lm/W). Luminous efficacy Luminous flux output Electrical power input.
2
5. Glare index - a numerical comparison ranging from about 10 for shaded light to
about 30 for an exposed lamp. Calculated by considering the light source size, location, luminances and effect of its surroundings.
Examples of illumination levels and limiting glare indices for different activities:
Electric Lamps
Filament lamps
The tungsten iodine lamp is used for floodlighting. Evaporation from the filament is controlled by the presence of iodine vapor. The gas-filled, general-purpose filament lamp has a fine tungsten wire sealed within a glass bulb. The wire is heated to incandescence (white heat) by the passage of an electric current.
Flood lights
Flood Lights
Discharge lamps
1. These do not have a filament, but produce light by excitation of a gas. When voltage is applied to the two electrodes, ionization occurs until a critical value is reached when current flows between them. 2. As the temperature rises, the mercury vaporizes and electrical discharge between the main electrodes causes light to be emitted.
Fluorescent tube
1. This is a low pressure variation of the mercury discharge lamp.
Discharge lamps
Fluorescent tube
High pressure sodium discharge lamps produce a consistent golden white light
in which it is possible to distinguish colors.
They are suitable for floodlighting, commercial and industrial lighting and illumination of highways.
Lighting Design
The lumen method of lighting design is used to determine a lighting layout that will provide a design maintained illuminance. It is valid if the luminaires are mounted above the working plane in a regular pattern. The method uses the formula:
The utilization factor (U) is the ratio of the lumens received on the working plane to the total flux output of lamps in the scheme. The maintenance factor (M) is a ratio which takes into account the light lost due to an average expectation of dirtiness of light fittings and surfaces.
Spacing-to-height ratio (SHR) is the centre-to-centre (S) distance between adjacent luminaires to their mounting height (H) above the working plane.
Example
An office 8 m long by 7 m wide requires an illumination level of 400 lux on the working plane. It is proposed to use 80 W fluorescent fittings having a rated output of 7375 lumens each. Assuming a utilization factor of 0.5 and a maintenance factor of 0.8 design the lighting scheme.
Solution:
Day lighting
The daylight received inside a building can be expressed as ` the ratio of the illumination at the working point indoors, to the total light available simultaneously outdoors ' . This can also be expressed as a percentage and it is known as the ` daylight factor ' . The daylight factor includes light from: 1. Sky component - light received directly from the sky; excluding direct sunlight. 2. External reflected component - light received from exterior reflecting surfaces. 3. Internal reflected component - light received from internal reflecting surfaces.
If equal daylight factor contours are drawn for a room, they will indicate how day lighting falls as distance increases from a window.