Lecture 2

Classes and Data types

 Classes
Classes are the building blocks of any java application; Typical Java Application is a set of Java Classes. Classes will mostly include Methods. Methods are block of code include some statements to do some operations. Statements are the executable instructions in your application.

Reference http://www.tutorialspoint.com/java/java_object_classes.htm

Statements

Statements will be written inside methods within curly braces { } One important method called main must be exist in the application. The application execution starts from the first line inside the main function. Application must have at least one class with only one main function

Comments

Comments

Comments are text lines written inside your code either to clarify or to explain some thing. It also works as documentation. Comments are ignored by the compiler but are useful to other programmers.

The Java programming language supports three kinds of comments.

Single Line Comment

// This is a comment. The compiler ignores everything from // to the end of the line.

Multi-line comment

/* This is a comment. */ The compiler ignores everything from /*to */.

Documentation Comment

/** Java documentation */ The java doc tool uses doc comments when preparing automatically generated documentation.

Exercise 2
Print the following output

Data types and operators

Variables

Variables are nothing but reserved memory locations to store values. This means that when you create a variable you reserve some space in memory. Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables.

For declaring new variable in Java Data type Identifier

An Identifier
The identifier is the name given to the variable
Legal Identifier must start with

Letters Underscore _

Dollar sign $

Note Java Keywords can not be used as an identifier. Remember, java is case-sensitive Example int x ; // x is the identifier String name ; // name is the identifier

Example

Java Keywords

Data types

Based on the data type of a variable, the operating system allocates memory and decides what can be stored in the reserved memory. Therefore, by assigning different data types to variables, you can store integers, decimals, or characters in these variables. Primitive Data Types Reference/Object Data Types

There are two data types available in Java:

Primitive data types

Primitive Data Types

There are eight primitive data types supported by Java. Primitive data types are predefined by the language and named by a keyword. Let us now look into detail about the eight primitive data types.
byte short Int long float Double boolean char

byte
Byte data type is an 8-bit signed two's complement integer. Minimum value is -128 (-2^7)

Maximum value is 127 (inclusive)(2^7 -1)

Default value is 0 Byte data type is used to save space in large arrays, mainly in place of integers, since a byte is four times smaller than an int. Example: byte a = 100 , byte b = -50

short
Short data type is a 16-bit signed two's complement integer. Minimum value is -32,768 (-2^15) Maximum value is 32,767 (inclusive) (2^15 -1)

Short data type can also be used to save memory as byte data type. A short is 2 times smaller than an int
Default value is 0.

Example: short s = 10000, short r = -20000

int
Int data type is a 32-bit signed two's complement integer. Minimum value is - 2,147,483,648.(-2^31) Maximum value is 2,147,483,647(inclusive).(2^31 -1) Int is generally used as the default data type for integral values unless there is a concern about memory. The default value is 0.

Example: int a = 100000, int b = -200000

long
Long data type is a 64-bit signed two's complement integer.

Minimum value is -9,223,372,036,854,775,808.(-2^63)

Maximum value is 9,223,372,036,854,775,807 (inclusive). (2^63 -1)

This type is used when a wider range than int is needed.

Default value is 0L. Example: long a = 100000L, long b = -200000L

float
Float data type is a single-precision 32-bit IEEE 754 floating point.
Float is mainly used to save memory in large arrays of floating point numbers.

Default value is 0.0f.

Float data type is never used for precise values such as currency.

Example: float f1 = 234.5f

double
double data type is a double-precision 64-bit IEEE 754 floating point. This data type is generally used as the default data type for decimal values, generally the default choice. Double data type should never be used for precise values such as currency. Default value is 0.0d. Example: double d1 = 123.4

boolean
boolean data type represents one bit of information. There are only two possible values: true and false. This data type is used for simple flags that track true/false conditions. Default value is false.

Example: boolean one = true

char
char data type is a single 16-bit Unicode character. Minimum value is '\u0000' (or 0).

Maximum value is '\uffff' (or 65,535 inclusive).

Char data type is used to store any character. Example: char letterA ='A'

Reference data type

Reference Data Types

Reference variables are created using defined constructors of the classes. They are used to access objects. These variables are declared to be of a specific type that cannot be changed. For example, Employee, Puppy etc. Class objects, and various type of array variables come under reference data type. Default value of any reference variable is null. A reference variable can be used to refer to any object of the declared type or any compatible type. Example: Animal animal = new Animal("giraffe");

Examples of reference data types Arrays Strings Objects of any class

Constants

Constants have values that are not subject to change Mark the identifier as static final to make constants

Naming of constants should be all capitalized and use _ to separate words.

static final intMAX_VALUE = 1000;

Operators

1) Arithmetic Operators

2) Unary operator

3) Increment (++) and decrement (--) operators

myInt would have the value 1 then 2

myInt would have the value 11 and x would have the value 10.

4) Relational operators

5) Logical Operator

String

String

A string is a sequence of characters.

For example, a string could be used to store a person's name

Strings are represented using the reference type called String

The length method

For example: name.length()

This evaluates to the number of characters in the string referenced by name. If this string were "Roderick", the length method would return the value 8. The empty string has length zero.

String concatenation (+)

The concatenation operator, +, will automatically turn any arguments into strings before carrying out a concatenation. Example:

The output is "Filby Lane has 2 occupants".

String Methods

Decision Making

The Flow control

There are two types of decision making statements in Java. They are:

if statements switch statements

The flow control structures determine the way in which a Java program is executed, allowing different segments of code to be executed under different circumstances.

If Statment

The if ... else

statement

Else if

if(Condition) { } else if(condition 2) {

}
else if(condition 2) { } else { }

int testscore= 76; char grade; if(testscore>= 90) {

grade = 'A';
} elseif(testscore>= 80) { grade = 'B'; } elseif(testscore>= 70) {

grade = 'C';
} elseif(testscore>= 60) { grade = 'D'; } else{

grade = 'F';
} System.out.println("Grade = " + grade);

Switch case

Switch
The argument is an expression of type int, char, short or byte (usually just the name of a variable). Each selector is a constant value (usually a literal) compatible with the argument type. A code block enclosing the statements in each case is optional. The statements are performed if the case selector is logically equal to the argument ; in other words, if argument == selector. The break keyword causes the switch to terminate. Failure to use a break statement results in control 'falling through' to the next case. A default case may be given to indicate processing to take place when no selector is matched.

Exercises

Questions
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

Grades example with switch case Take an input from the user and calculate his grade. Ask the user to input his username and password if the password is equal to the word java print welcome if not print wrong password. Ask the user to input two numbers and print the greater number . Ask the user to input 5 numbers and print there average . Ask the user to input 2 numbers and their arithmetic operator and print their result

Any Questions ?

End