THE NATURE OF PROBABILITY AND STATISTICS

OUTLINE
Introduction 1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics 1-2 Variables and Types of Data 1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques 1-4 Computers and Calculator

 Identify the measurement levels for each

variable.
Identify

the techniques.

four

basic

sampling

Explain the importance of computers and

calculators in statistics.

OBJECTIVES
Demonstrate

knowledge

of

statistical

terms.
Differentiate between the two branches of

statistics.
Identify types of data.

Introduction
What is STATISTICS ?

Collect Organize Summarize Analyze Draw Conclusion

Introduction
Hence,

STATISTICS is the science of conducting studies to _________, _________, ____________, _____________, and _________________ from the data.

Introduction
Statistical Terms:
1)Variable

- A characteristic or attribute that can assume different values.

2)Random Variable

- A variable whose values is determined by chance.

Introduction
3) Data

- Values that the variables can assume.

4) Data Set

- A collection of data values.

Introduction
5) Population

- Consists of all subjects (human or otherwise) that are being studied. 6) Sample - A group of subjects selected from a population.
Population
Sample

Introduction
Generally,

statisticians or researchers generalize their findings on population based on the sample selected.

To reflect the whole population, the sample

selected must be representation enough, i.e.: a)The sample size is large enough. b)The sample is selected randomly (unbiased).

1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Descriptive Statistics
Consists

of the collection, organization, summarization, and presentation of data (usually in graphs, charts, or tables).

1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Examples of Descriptive Statistics:
1.The average score of Probability Exam is 80.

2.There are 68 out of 150 students taking

Mathematics subject in this semester.

3.Company A earned RM 3 billions in the year

of 2010.

1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Inferential Statistics
Consists of generalizing from samples to

populations, performing estimation and hypothesis tests, determining relationships among variables, and making predictions.

1-1 Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Examples of Inferential Statistics:
1.Probability Chances of an event occurring /

happening.
2.Hypothesis

Testing Decision-making process for evaluating claims about population, based on information gained from sample.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Data / Variables

Qualitative

Quantitative

Discrete

Continuous

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Qualitative Variables:
Variables

that can be placed into _________________________, according to some characteristics or attributes.

Also known as ________________ variables.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Examples:
1.Gender (Male / Female) 2.Marital Status (Single / Married / Widowed)

3.Course (Medicine / Engineering / Science)

4.Colour (Red / White / Yellow / Green)

5.Blood Type (A / B / O / AB)

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Quantitative Variables:
Variables that are _____________ and can be

ranked and ordered. Also known as _________________. Can be further classified into two (2) groups: 1.Discrete Variables 2.Continuous Variables

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Discrete Variables:
Assumes

values that ____________________. Examples: 1. Number of students. 2. Salary in a month 3. Number of cars.

can

be

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Continuous Variables:
Assumes an ________________ of values

between any two specific values.

Obtained

by _____________ and often includes ____________ and ____________.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Examples:
1. Height (150cm, 150.5cm, 145.95cm) 2. Weight (56kg, 78.9kg, 83.45kg, 12.435kg)

3. Time (10sec, 10.5sec, 20.35sec, 60.453sec)

4. Temperature ( 0 C , 30.4 C , 99.85 C )

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

LEVEL OF MEASUREMENT:
Data or variables are classified according to

how they measured.

are

categorized,

counted,

or

Four (4) common types of scales are used: Nominal

Ordinal

Interval

Ratio

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

1. Nominal Level of Measurement:
Classifies data into __________________

(non-overlapping), exhausting categories.

No _________________ can be imposed on

the data.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Examples of Nominal level of measurement:
1. Gender (Male / Female) 2. Colour (Red / Black / Blue / Yellow)

3. Marital Status (Single / Married / Divorced)

4. Blood Type (A / B / O / AB)

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

2. Ordinal Level of Measurement:
Classifies data into categories that can be

__________________.
However, _______________________ exist

between the ranks.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Examples of Ordinal level of measurement:
1.Grades

-A/ B / C / D 2.Performances - Excellent / Good / Fair / Poor 3.Sizes - S / M / L / XL / XXL

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Performances:

Poor

Fair

Good

Excellent

Is the difference between poor and fair same as the difference between good excellent? Are the differences measurable?

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

3. Interval Level of Measurement:
Ranks

data, and there exists ___________________ between units of measure. there do ___________________. not exists

However,

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Examples of Interval level of measurement:
1.IQ Scores

- 0, 45, 100, 156, 180, 240 2.Temperature - 0 C , 37 C , 88 C , 100 C * IQ = 0 doesnt mean that person is brainless. * 0 C doesnt mean that object has no heat.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

4. Ratio Level of Measurement:
Possesses all the characteristics of Interval

measurement. There exists _____________________. _________________ when the same variable is measured on two different numbers of the population.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Examples of Ratio level of measurement:
1.Weight

- 0 kg, 50 kg, 83 kg, 100kg. 2.Salary - RM 1500, RM 2500, RM 5000. 3.Time - 10 min, 1 hour, 20 hours, 6 days.

1-2 Variables and Types of Data

Salary:
Person A gets RM 0. Person B gets RM 1500.

Person C gets RM 4500. RM 0 means he gets nothing (true zero).

Ratio of salary between B and C is 1 : 3 (True

ratio).

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Data can be collected in variety of ways.
Survey technique is one of the most common

methods, such as telephone questionnaire, and personal interview.

survey,

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

To obtain samples from population that are

unbiased, four (4) basic sampling methods are frequently used: 1)Random Sampling 2)Systematic Sampling 3)Stratified Sampling 4)Cluster Sampling

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

1) Random Sampling
The samples are selected by using chance

methods or random numbers.

The sample obtained from a population in

such a way that every member / element of the population has the ____________________ of being selected in the sample.

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Usually adopted when the population is

largely homogenous, that is, when it is too difficult to distinguish between every items / members.
Often involves the use of random numbers, or

computer-generated random numbers.

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

2) Systematic Sampling
The samples are obtained by numbering each

subject of the population and then selecting every kth value subject. Example: Every tenth object is selected.

1,2,3,,10,11,20,21,29,30,31,,99,100
1st sample sample 2nd sample 3rd sample 10th

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

3) Stratified Sampling
The population is divided into groups known

as ________ according to some characteristic such as ages, nationalities, courses of study, religions.
The sample is then selected randomly from

each group.

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Example: A population of 1000 students are

divided into 5 groups according to their courses of study: Medicine, Engineering, Music, Economics, and Science.
POPULATION Med 300 Eco 150 Eng 250 Sci 200 Mus 100

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Med 300

50 samples
Eco 150

50 samples

Eng 250

50 samples
Sci 200

Mus 100

50 samples

50 samples

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

4) Cluster Sampling
Population is divided into groups called

_________. Sample is then selected by using an _______________ that is representative of the population.

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Example: In UCSI University, there are 4

main blocks, A, B, C, and D.

POPULATION

A
C

B
D

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

There are 4 clusters (each block represents a

cluster). To select the sample, all the staffs from Block A and C are included.
POPULATION

A C

B A D C

Samples

1-3 Data Collection and Sampling Techniques

Difference between Stratified and Cluster Sampling: Stratified each stratum is homogenous (same characteristic). Cluster Each cluster is heterogeneous (may contain various / different characteristics).

1-4 Computers and Calculator

Computers and calculators make the numerical computation become easier and faster.
Some common statistical packages available for computer, such as MINITAB, Microsoft Excel, SPSS, MATLAB, C++, and much more.

1-4 Computers and Calculator

Even though all these devices are helpful, students are still responsible for understanding and interpreting each statistical concept